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The aim of this article is to present and analyze the obtained PT results for the last year (i.e. 2014). The material for PT was the properly minced pork meat (or horse meat for horse slaughterhouses) spiked with Trichinella larvae. Live Trichinella larvae were obtained during the digestion process. Meat samples weighting 50 g were spiked under microscopic control with a known number of larvae preserved with gelatin gels of the appropriate concentration. In 2014 over 250 laboratories routinely examining pig meat took part in PT. On the level of 5 larvae 4 laboratories obtained doubtful results and were 9 + inconsistent in quantitative analysis. The average value of the z-scores was 0.84. The qualitative assessment of PT results on the level of contamination 3, 5 larvae and negative (blank) samples showed 21, 9 and 4 of unsatisfactory results. At the limit of detection – 1 larva per sample – positive results were obtained by 87.8% of laboratories. In the same year 14 laboratories testing horse meat participated in PT – all of them obtained consistent results. The average value of the z-score was 0.88. In a study in 2014 257 laboratories participated. This is comparable to the number of participants relative to the years 2012 and 2013. The quantitative assessment average z-score was 0.84 and it was lower than in previous years (which means better). The percentage of consistent results in qualitative research in previous years (2009–2011) was a bit higher and ranged from 91.6% to almost 95%. In 2014 the quality of PT has not deteriorated compared to previous years despite a three times smaller number of larvae in samples. It should be emphasized that the organization of the PT scheme permitted additionally assessing the laboratories by examination of the samples at the limit of detection of the method.
Serum samples from 123 cattle, 95 wild boars, and 43 deer (red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer) from the territory of eastern Poland were examined by the ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The rates of positive response in the animals were 4.1%, 16.8%, and 11.6%, respectively. Examination of 37 blood samples from deer with RT-PCR revealed only one positive result in a roe deer (2.7%). The relatively high serologic response rate in wild boars was due to a very high response rate (35.7%) in the Chełm district, which accounted for 94% of the total positive results. These findings seem to indicate that the Chełm district is most probably an endemic area of TBEV.
The aim of the study was to optimise selected PCR methods for identification of T. solium, and to compare their effectiveness and usefulness. The investigation concerned three PCR methods described earlier: PCR I (specific to oncosphere- specific protein Tso31 gene), PCR II (specific to large subunit rRNA gene), and PCR III (cytochrome c oxidases ubunit 1 gene). Each of them needed optimisation in connection with some changes in the procedures. Among the examined procedures, PCR I was found to be the most useful, requiring the least corrections during optimisation - only a higher concentration of polymerase was necessary. Testing an optimised PCR II method showed strong unspecific reactions with E. granulosus and T. saginata. This method was not considered diagnostically useful in distinguishing 7. solium. PCR III method yielded products only when annealing temperature was lowered by 2°C. Under such conditions, there were no unspecific reactions with three others Taenidae parasites; however, annealing at a temperature only 1°C lower generated a distinct unspecific PCR product from T. saginata DNA. Therefore, this method was of limited usefulness. Comparison of the effectiveness of the two selected methods (PCR I and III) in detection of T. solium in successive DNA dilutions showed a large difference between them: in the same DNA sample, PCR I showed positive results in a sample diluted 1:3200, while PCR III failed at dilutions greater than 1:50. The results showed that among the three different methods used in the investigations, the most specific and effective for identification of 7. solium was PCR I.
The literature on human mussel-borne protozoan and helminthic infections is widely dispersed in epidemiological and parasitological journals. This review is focused on humans as hosts for protozoan, trematode and nematode parasites associated with consumption of mussels. These infections are caused mainly by protozoans transferred as cysts and oocysts or trematodes transferred as cercariae or metacercariae. The main scope of the article covers the following genera: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Toxoplasma, microsporidia, and Fasciola. Foods regarded until recently as quite exotic are currently becoming increasingly available to consumers. To avoid certain parasitic infections, consumers need to know the risk factors associated with consumption of popular sea foods, such as mussels. The article contains information that may be useful to persons with compromised immune response.
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