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Our view of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has changed over the past two decades: new metabolites and pathways have been described; also the importance of local renin-angiotensin systems became more clearly understood. However, there is relatively scarce information about formation and action of angiotensin peptides in gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach. Here, using LC-ESI-MS method we assessed the metabolism of Ang I in organ bath of rat stomach wall. Additionally we compared the expression of mRNA of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) and neprilysin (NEP) in the stomach, aorta and renal artery in rats. Despite, similar levels of expression of ACE and ACE2 mRNA in stomach wall, aorta and renal artery, the absolute amounts of main Ang I metabolites produced by stomach wall (in ng/mg of dry tissue) were much lower than that produced by aorta and renal artery. Also, the pattern of angiotensin I metabolites was different: opposite to aorta and renal artery, incubation of Ang I with stomach wall fragments resulted in predominant formation of Ang-(1-7) and relatively lower production of Ang II. In stomach wall both, perindoprilat and tiorphan decreased production of Ang II, but did not influence generation of Ang-(1-7). In conclusion, we identified Ang-(1-7) as the main product of Ang I conversion in rat stomach wall. The biological role of prevalence of Ang-(1-7) formation in stomach require further investigation.
 Alterations in the formation and metabolism of bradykinin (Bk) are hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, atherosclerosis and vascular complications of diabetes. However, despite its prominent role in cardiovascular regulation, studies on bradykinin have been limited by various difficulties in accurate measurements of this peptide in biological samples. In this study, using the LC-ESI-MS method we estimated the conversion of exogenous Bk to its main metabolites - Bk-(1-5) and Bk-(1-7) - in endothelial cell culture and in fragments of aorta of normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR). The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors were more pronounced in SHR: perindoprilat inhibited Bk-(1-5) formation by 49 % and 76 % in WKY and SHR rats, respectively, and tiorphan tended to decrease formation of Bk-(1-5) in both groups of animals. The degradation of bradykinin and generation of both metabolites were significantly higher in the aorta of SHR rats than in WKY controls. Our results show that even in relatively early hypertension (in 4-month old SHR rats) inactivation of Bk by aorta wall is enhanced.
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Kaempferol, but not resveratrol inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme

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Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has proved to be beneficial in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate ACE inhibitory potential of two polyphenolic compounds with different structures: resveratrol (present in high quantities in French wine) and kaempferol (abundant in greens), using method of liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) for ex vivo measurement of angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion by ACE in aortic tissue of Wistar-Kyoto rats. In this setting, kaempferol (10-30-100 µM), but not resveratrol (10-30-100 µM) appeared to inhibit dose-dependently conversion of Ang I to Ang II. Although the mechanism of ACE inhibition by kaempferol remains to be elucidated, this observation may help in search or designing of new classes of ACE inhibitors.
The metabolism of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is more complicated than previously expected and understanding the biological phenomena regulated by variety of angiotensin metabolites requires their precise and possibly comprehensive quantitation. Physiological concentrations of angiotensins (Ang) in biological fluids are low, therefore their accurate measurements require very sensitive and specific analytical methods. In this study we developed an accurate and reproducible method of quantitation of angiotensin metabolites through coupling of liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). With this method main angiotensin metabolites (Ang I, II, III, IV, 1-9, 1-7, 1-5) can be reliably measured in organ bath of rat tissues (aorta, renal artery, periaortal adipose tissue) and in medium of cultured endothelial cells (EA.hy926), exposed to Ang I for 15 minutes, in the absence or in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindoprilat. Presented LC-ESI-MS method proved to be a quick and reliable solution to comprehensive analysis of angiotensin metabolism in biological samples.
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The effect of doxycycline on atherogenesis in apoE-knockout mice

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Doxycycline at subantimicrobial doses inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, and is the only MMP inhibitor which is widely available in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to reveal whether non-specific MMPs inhibition by tetracycline could ameliorate development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-knockout mice. Doxycycline (1.5 mg/ kg b.w./day) administered orally attenuated atherogenesis, measured both by "en face" method (10.25±1.7% vs. 15.7±2.0%, p<0.05) and "cross-section" method (66,254±7,468 µm2 vs. 90,687±8,521 µm2, p<0.05). In-situ zymography showed decrease of the extent of non-specific gelatinase activity in doxycycline-treated mice This is the first report to date describing the effect of doxycycline on atherogenesis in apoE-targeted mice.
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