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The article presents the results of experiments with 'Vokë', 'Nida', 'Mirta' and 'Venta' potato cultivars grown by two farming systems - integrated at the Voke Research Station (Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture) and organic on the farmer V. Zurba's organic farm (Biržai region) in 1998-2000. The influence of cultivars and soil properties on the amount of dry matter, starch, total and reducing sugars, sucrose and technological properties of raw tubers and on potato chips and French fries was investigated. The soil fertilizers were used as follows: at the Vokë Branch Station - mineral fertilizer mixture N : P : K; N - 70 kg·ha⁻¹, P - 70 kg·ha⁻¹, K - 140 kg·ha⁻¹, with microelements and at the organic farm - organic compost 40 t·ha⁻¹, It was found that integrated growing had a positive effect on the chemical composition of potato tuber. The darkening of raw tubers was more intensive when potato cultivars were grown ecologically. The dependence between the amount of reducing sugars and intensity of darkening of raw potato tubers is determined to be positive strong or medium strong, between colour of chips and amount of reducing sugars - negative strong. The dependence between dry matter of raw potato tubers and fat quantity of chips was negative strong and the negative weak or negative medium strong correlation connection in French fries. Excellent quality chips were made from 'Vokë' potato cultivar grown in two different regions. Good quality French fries were from 'Nida' and 'Vokë' potato cultivars grown by integrated system.
Estimated the influence of various potassium fertilizers for potatoes tubers which where grown organically in 2002-2004. According to the research results the quality of potato tubers depended on the kind of potassium fertilizers. Most positive effects on the contents of dry matter and starch as well as on technological property - darkening, were observed in potato tubers fertlized with potassium sulphate N₀P₀K₉₀ and potassium magnesia N₀P₀K₁₅₀.
Introduction: In Lithuania, there is an insufficient attention to public education and to creating attitudes towards the quality of the consumed food. The aim: To find out how Lithuanian consumers assess food safety. Materials and methods: 466 respondents took part in the research. The questionnaires had been distributed at shopping centres. The results of questionnaires were processed by the SPSS. Respondents were split into the following age groups: 18-30; 31-40; 41-50; 51-60 and 61 years and older. Results of the survey were grouped by age. Results: The majority of respondents answered that “organic food is not necessary safe”. Most of the participants in 18-50 age groups claim that the letter E marks preservatives, but older than 51 stated that the letter E marked the food products approved by the EU. The press, Internet and the radio were more often mentioned as the source of information about healthy food and food additives by the participants of the age group of 41 years and older. The groups younger than 51 years old specified that the information received on food and additives was not sufficient. The majority of respondents thought that the main food safety risks were microorganisms, pesticides, and chemicals, BSE, while the 61 and older - that GMO, acrylamide, and irradiation. Conclusions: The research demonstrates that consumers are insufficiently informed on proper nutrition, safe food products, different food additives and pollutants that may pose a potential risk to public health. The present survey has the potential to form an opinion of how Lithuanian consumers assess the food safety. This study is low-budget and easy to analyse; moreover, we believe that it could be modified appropriately to fit the assessments and habits of other populations, too.
W ścisłych doświadczeniach polowych, przeprowadzonych w dwu miejscowościach w Polsce, o różnym położeniu nad poziomem morza, w latach 2006-2008, stwierdzono wpływ odmian ziemniaka, o różnym zabarwieniu skórki i miąższu na plon, cechy morfologiczne i cechy składu chemicznego bulw. Wyższym plonem ogólnym i handlowym cechowały się odmiany o żółtym niż kolorowym miąższu. Wyższą zawartością suchej masy, skrobi, białka ogólnego i właściwego, witaminy C i kwasu L-askorbinowego w bulwach, odznaczały się odmiany o kolorowym miąższu. Najwyższą koncentracją suchej masy, białka ogólnego właściwego wyróżniała się odmiana Valfi, skrobi - Shetland Black. Najwyższą zawartość witaminy C i kwasu askorbinowego stwierdzono u odmiany Blue Congo, o fioletowej skórce i fioletowym miąższu. Homologiczną zawartością tego składnika cechowały się odmiany: Shetland Black, Highland Burgundy Red i Valfi - o kolorowym miąższu bulw. U odmian o fioletowym i czerwonym zabarwieniu miąższu stwierdzono średnio wyższą zawartość tych składników niż u odmian o zabarwieniu żółtym. Badania nie wykazały wpływu lokalizacji doświadczeń na zawartość suchej masy, skrobi, białka właściwego, witaminy C i kwasu askorbinowego w bulwach.
Biodynamic (BD) preparations 500 and 501 are plant strengthening agents of the biodynamic agriculture method, prepared from cow manure and powdered quartz. The resulting products are highly diluted and sprayed on soil and plants. The main purpose of these preparations is to promote the processes of energy and nutrient cycling as well as to improve plant and soil quality parameters. This study was carried out in 2013-2014, in order to evaluate the influence of biodynamic preparations 500 and 501 on the chemical composition of potato tubers: amounts of dry matter, starch and mineral elements (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen). The experiment included two factors: I – three coloured potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cultivars (Vitelotte, Blue Congo - purple flesh and Red Emmalie - red flesh), II – treatment with BD preparations as field sprays (four treatments: 1. Control sample (without BD preparations); 2. BD preparation 500; 3. BD preparation 501; 4. A blend of two preparations (BD preparation 500 and BD preparation 501). The research revealed that BD preparations 500 and 501 had no significant effect on the content of dry matter and mineral element in coloured potato tubers in any of the experimental variants. However, BP preparation 501, as well as a combination of both 500 and 501 BP preparations, increased the starch content in potato tubers significantly (p<0.05). It was found that the quality indicators of potato tubers depended on the genetic characteristics of a cultivar. According to the two-year mean data, the significantly largest amounts of potassium (29.51 g kg-1 d.m.) and magnesium (1.475 g kg-1 d.m.) were accumulated in potato tubers of the cultivar Red Emmalie. Tubers of cv. Vitelotte accumulated the biggest amounts of dry matter (27.03 %) and starch (18.17 %).
The studies were conducted in 2005-2007 in Lithuanian University of Agriculture. The purpose of research was to establish the influence of mechanical injury of potato tubers on their quality. The experiment showed that during storage some chemical-physiological features had been changing constantly. The potatoes for research were grown under usual conditions in Vokė Branch Station (Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture) in Vilnius region in 2005-2007. For seven months (from September to April) potato tubers were stored in KX-Ю freezing chambers: 5-6°C, relative humidity - 90-95%. The studied samples of potatoes were stored in polythene bags of 120 µ thickness. General and natural weight losses were determined in 2 repetitions, two times: before storing and after seven months of storage. The analyses were carried out using standard methods: dry matter, saccharide content (reducing sugar and saccharose) and store losses of the mass. A suitable laboratorial bruising equipment was used (Fig. 1). The studied potato tubers were bruising from: 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and 100 cm high. Research results showed that after 7 months of storage, all mechanically injured tubers demonstrated the lower content of dry matter as compared to the control sample. Tubers bruised from 100 cm height featured the highest losses of dry matter, whereas the lowest losses were characteristic for tubers bruised from 15 cm height. Tubers injured mechanically from 100 cm height and stored for 7 months demonstrated the greatest mass losses, whereas tubers bruised from 15 cm height featured the lowest mass losses.
While it is true that heavy metals accumulate in soil easily, their removal is difficult. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste can be recycled into compost, although frequent application of biowaste may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil. There is no deep-rooted tradition in Lithuania to make and use various biowaste composts, including the ones produced from municipal waste. The objective of this study has been to compare the accumulation of heavy metals in different parts of oilseed pumpkin fruit depending on the chemical composition of the compost the pumpkin plants had been supplied. The content of heavy metals (HM) was determined in the soil before the plant-growing experiment, and in biowaste composts of different origin. Green waste (GW) and municipal solid waste (MSW) composts were applied to soil as fertiliser. Heavy metal concentrations in the skin, flesh and seeds of the analysed pumpkin fruits did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations established by the EU norms. Seeds of the investigated pumpkin cultivar Olivia are more sensitive to the effect of heavy metal accumulation than the other morphological fruit parts (skin and flesh). The highest amounts of the investigated heavy metals, except Cr, were determined in the seeds, while the lowest ones, except Cu, in the flesh of oilseed pumpkin fruits. The amount of heavy metals in pumpkin biomass was not directly related to their concentrations in the soil, which proves the fact that the transfer of heavy metals from soil to plant is determined primarily by metal bioavailability and by a plant species.
The aim of this 3-year study was to determine the influence of harvest time on dry matter, total dietary fibre, fractional composition of dietary fibre (acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF)), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and inulin content in tubers of different cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): ‘Rubik’, ‘Albik’ and ‘Sauliai’. The tubers were harvested in spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November). Our study shows that the largest amount of WSC to exist in ‘Rubik’ tubers harvested especially during October. In contrast, the largest amount of total dietary fibres and their fractions (NDF and ADF) accumulated in ‘Albik’ tubers during the spring harvest month (April). The largest amount of inulin was obtained from ‘Sauliai’ tubers harvested in October. Based on our results, it is advisable to use the ‘Sauliai’ tubers from the harvest time during October to obtain the largest amount of inulin.
The objective of the three-year study was to determine the influence of postharvest storage on essential and nonessential amino acids content in tubers of different cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) – ‘Rubik’, ‘Albik’ and ‘Sauliai’. The experiment was performed in 2007–2009. The plants were grown in the experimental field of Lithuanian University of Agriculture in Kaunas (from 2011 August – Aleksandras Stulginskis university). The Jerusalem artichoke tubers were stored for 20 weeks at the temperature of 2°C (± 0.5°C) and RH 90–95 % in polypropylene (PP) perforated bags, capacity of 10 kg, in 4 replicates. Amino acids contents were determined immediately after harvest and during storage of the tubers in every 4 weeks by the method of ion-exchange chromatography and then detected photometrically. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with two-factor Anova (STATISTICA software). Standard deviation and the least significant difference at the 95% probability level were calculated with Fisher’s LSD test. Data presented in tables are mean values of the three years of the experiment. The results obtained showed that directly after harvest and during the storage the dominating amino acid in tubers of all cultivars was of essential amino acids – arginine, and of nonessential – asparagine, glutamine and alanine. Tubers of cv. ‘Sauliai’ after 20 week storage accumulated the highest amount of essential amino acids – treonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and nonessential – serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine. Significant correlations between contents of some amino acids in the tubers were found.
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