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Białowieża National Park (BNP) takes care of free-ranging bison herds, as well as captive bison reserves. Bison, as a non-domestic animal, requires general immobilization for the purposes of diagnostic sample collection, thorough clinical examination, treatment, and preventive interventions. The paper presents the results of 110 successful immobilizations of European bison, performed between 2009 and 2013 in the Bison Breeding Centre of the BNP. Depending on the use of specific drugs and additional substances for premedication, such as xylazine, immobilized animals were divided into three groups. The preparations were administered with specialized pneumatic Dan-Inject applicators. Experience shows that the use of preparations containing etorphine is safe for both the patient and the personnel after the immobilization of the animal. Following a successful shot, the animal is immobilized within 15 minutes. General pharmacological immobilization is necessary for the efficient and safe performance of veterinary and animal husbandry manipulations, such as blood, swab, and tissue biopsy sampling.
Parasite invasions are one of the main diagnosed pathologies of European bison. Since the severity and parasite species composition varies depending on the season, parasitological monitoring and deworming of European bison and evaluation of its effectiveness is important in the breeding of European bison. For that reason, parasitological evaluation based on coproscopical methods of live animals was performed. Full parasitological examinations of the digestive system together with necropsies were performed post-mortally. The obtained data enabled the selection of a suitable deworming treatment. The results showed that the parasite species composition in the fenced European bison breeding center was similar to the situation observed in free ranging European bison. The invasion of a blood sucking nematode Ashworthius sidemi was confirmed in European bison closed breeding for the first time. None of the European bison showed any clinical symptoms caused by parasitic factors. The research proved that from the clinical point of view the deworming process is more crucial in the spring, because of increased intensity and extensiveness of invasions during this time and the possibility for the use of chemotherapeutics with a broader spectrum of treatment.
The study presents the analysis of the findings of 234 post-mortem examinations on free-ranging and captive European bison selectively culled or having fallen between 2008 and 2013 in Białowieża Primeval Forest. Pneumonia, emphysema, nephritis, bodily traumas, and intestinal lesions were observed in 106 (45.3%), 77 (32.9%), 82 (35.0%), 68 (29.1%), and 56 (23.9%) animals respectively and were the most common pathological changes. Almost half of all males (66 out of 140; 47.1%) tested showed some pathological changes of prepuce and penis, described as posthitis or balanoposthitis. Infection with liver fluke (Fasciola hepatico) and lungworm (Dictyocaulns viviparus) was observed macroscopically in 114 (48.7%) and 80 (32.9%) bison respectively. F. hepatico prevalence was associated with the emergence of other liver changes such as hepatitis and cirrhosis (P < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of D. viviparus coincided with pneumonia (P = 0.001), changes in the upper respiratory tract (P = 0.04), and emphysema (P < 0.001). Hepatitis, infection with F. hepatico, and pathological lesions in the male and female reproductive tracts were associated with the animals' age. Mechanical injuries, caused by other bison or less commonly by traffic accidents, were the most common cause of death of bison below six months of age. Most pathological changes were significantly more frequent in the selectively culled animals in comparison with the ones having fallen, which confirms the desirability of elimination as a tool to improve the health and welfare of the bison population and limit the number of reservoirs of invasive and possibly infectious diseases.
The present study was conducted on 31 males and females of the European bison, eliminated during the winter seasons 2007–2011 in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. The caeca of 14 free-ranging bison, aged from 3 months up to 16 years, the most favorable infection site for the large intestine nematodes, were investigated during the winter of 2007/2008. The parasitological autopsies of the large intestines of 9 free-ranging bison aged from 5 months up to 10 years as well as 9 bison kept in the close reserves aged from one up to 20 years were done during the winter seasons of 2008–2011 to determine localization of nematodes in large intestine and the total intensity of parasite infection. Five species of nematodes (i.e., Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum, O. radiatum, Ashworthius sidemi, Nematodirus helvetianus) were found in dissected caecum of bison culled during the winter of 2007/2008. During the seasons of 2008–2010, 6 species of nematodes were found in the large intestine of bison (i.e., T. ovis, O. venulosum, O. radiatum, A. sidemi, N. roscidus and Bunostomum trigonocephalum). We did not find any nematodes in the lumen of the large intestine of captive bison culled during the seasons of 2010/2011. The results of the present study indicate that the intensity of infection by the large intestine nematodes of the European bison in the Białowieża Primeval Forest has stayed at the comparable level throughout the last 20 years; however the number of nematode species has increased. The observed level of parasitic infection is typical of subclinical parasitoses.
A serological study of twenty three European bison (Bison bonasus) derived from Northern-East Poland for the seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. Only specific antibodies to M. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.
European bison (Bison bonasus) from two different areas of Eastern Poland showing gross pathology possibly associated with mycoplasma infections were tested for ruminant Mycoplasma species using serological and molecular methods. Fifty-five samples, blood or tissue were collected from 28 animals during 2013-2014. Six sera were positive for Mycoplasma bovis. The ELISA and complement fixation test for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides gave a few weak reactions, but were negative by immunoblotting and molecular methods.
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