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This paper describes the morphological ultrastructure of the previously unknown final larval instars of the obligate myrmecophilous rove-beetle species Lomeckusa pubicollis. Diagnostic larval characters for the genus Lomechusa are proposed for the first time. At present, this paper is the only up-to-date, detailed and richly illustrated description of the external structures of larvae representing the Lomechusina subtribe. The features of L. pubicollis larvae described here correspond with the abiotic (e.g. absence of ocelh, white body) or biotic conditions (e.g. stumpy body, short legs, absence of urogomphi, dense and asymmetrical chaetotaxy, membranous cuticle) of the anthill, including the passive lifestyle resembling that of the host larvae Formica truncorum, in conjunction with a unique behaviour pattern in the myrmecophileant relationship. Morphological similarities between mature larvae of L. pubicollis and workers of Formica truncorum, the host of this myrmecophile, are also listed. The morphological structure of L. pubicollis larva with the so far best-known larvae of another myrmecophile from the Lomechusini tribe Fella laticollis living in the peripheral zones around the nest, was compared. The different lifestyles of the two species is reflected in the morphological structure of their larvae, particularly: chaetotaxy, structure of setae, ocelli, structure of mouthparts, legs and urogomphi. The characteristics of the morphological structure peculiar to L. pubicollis larva in conjunction with well-developed chemical mimicry, they enable complete adoption and integration in the ant nest, which at such an advanced level appears to be unique compared to other staphylinid myrmecophiles.
Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological disorders, is a chronic disease of the brain manifested by seizures due to sudden, spontaneous bioelectrical discharges in nerve cells. An estimated 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs are the mainstream treatment for epilepsy; however, the drug resistance occurring in 20‑30% of patients and side effects of available medications have resulted in a search for natural remedies that can support disease therapy. Coumarins may be a promising option. They are a group of natural plant‑derived substances of great interest due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including potent pharmacological properties. Recent data from experimental models demonstrates the possibility for coumarin use as a supporting t reatment of epileptic seizures. This article focuses on the mos t recent research reports available in the literature relating to the use of several selected coumarins in different experimental models of epilepsy.
Background. Search for beneficial combinations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that can be used in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, is still conducted both empirically and rationally, based on molecular mechanisms of AEDs’ action. This study was aimed at characterizing the interaction profiles for the combination of two AEDs (i.e., retigabine [RTG] and phenytoin [PHT]) in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) and chimney test (motor performance) in adult male albino Swiss mice. Material and methods. Type I isobolographic analysis was used to determine interactions for the combination of RTG with PHT (at three fixed-ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) with respect to its anticonvulsant and acute neurotoxic effects in the MES and chimney tests, respectively. Total brain concentrations of RTG and PHT were estimated to exclude any pharmacokinetic interaction between AEDs. Results. The combination of RTG with PHT at the fixed-ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 produced additive interactions in both, the MES and chimney tests. RTG and PHT did not affect each other their total brain concentrations in mice, confirming pharmacodynamic interaction between the investigated drugs. Conclusions. The combination of RTG with PHT was neutral suggesting that this two-drug combination might occur favorable in some patients with refractory epilepsy.
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