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1

Deficits in attentional functions and dopamine transporter polymorphisms

100%
Cybulska-Klosowicz A., Giertuga K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2015
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tom 75
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nr Supl.
Attention, its executive function in particular, is regulated by the dopaminergic (DA) system. Dopamine transporter (DAT), regulating DA neurotransmission, likely plays a role in controlling the influence of DA in cognitive processes. We examined the role of DAT in attention in mice and humans. Mice with DAT gene genetically deleted (DAT+/- heterozygotes) were compared with the wild type (WT) mice in several tests measuring attention. The effect of DAT inhibition was examined in mice submitted to repeated administration of selective DAT inhibitor – GBR 12909 and tested after 10 days of withdrawal. Locomotor activity and non-selective attention were tested in a Làt-maze, while attentional set-shifting, associative and reversal learning – in Attentional Set-Shifitng task (ASST). DAT level in the striatum was assessed using DAT immunohistochemistry. Neuronal activity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during ASST was visualized with the egr-1 and egr-2 immunohistochemistry and with [14C]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Results have shown that DAT+/- mice had significantly higher scores of locomotor activity in comparison with WT mice. Heterozygotes did not differ from WT mice in respect of nonselective attention and associative learning measures. However, they were significantly impaired in more demanding tasks that tax the executive control function of attention. Also, neuronal activity level in mPFC of DAT+/- mice was significantly lower when compared with WT mice. These observations correspond well with behavioral results of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) examined in Attention Network Test (ANT), Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) and in Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch) which revealed substantial deficits in executive function of attention. Measures of attention evaluated in attentional tests were analyzed in terms of relation with DAT1 gene polymorphisms. National Science Centre Grant 2011/01/D/NZ4/04958.
2

Developmental changes in resting-state eeg activity in ADHD: A cross sectional study

61%
Giertuga K., Zakrzewska M. Z., Bielecki M., Racicka E., Kossut M., Cybulska-Klosowicz A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2017
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tom 77
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nr Suppl.1
INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies indicate that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is related to some developmental trends, as its symptoms change widely over time. There is a disagreement whether ADHD is related to deviations in brain development or to a delay in brain maturation. The model of deviated brain development suggests that the ADHD brain matures in a fundamentally different way, and does not reach normal maturity at any developmental stage. In contrast, the delayed brain maturation model assumes that the ADHD brain indeed matures in a different, delayed way in comparison to healthy age-matched controls, yet eventually reaches proper maturation. AIM(S): We investigated developmental changes in resting‑state EEG activity to find evidence supporting one of the alternative models. METHOD(S): A total number of 141 participants took part in the study: 67 ADHD and 74 healthy controls. We recorded 5 minutes of resting-state EEG. Each participant’s power estimates were averaged across clusters of electrodes and across frequency bands: delta, theta, alpha, and beta. The absolute power of each frequency was analyzed. To test the combined effect of age and ADHD diagnosis on EEG power spectrum, we performed a regression analysis. RESULTS: The results revealed a typical developmental effect of decreasing absolute EEG power with increasing age. Absolute EEG power was found to decrease linearly especially for delta and theta frequencies in both groups. We also observed differences between groups. The ADHD group had significantly lower absolute power in all frequency bands, with the most pronounced difference in lower theta absolute power. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the resting-EEG developmental pattern was similar in ADHD and healthy controls. Even so, the ADHD group had consistently lower absolute EEG power, mostly in the theta frequency band. Our results are in line with deviant brain maturation hypothesis, as ADHD brain activity would not be considered the same as in healthy controls at any age. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by National Science Center (Poland) grant 2015/17/N/HS6/03020.
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