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Babesiosis in humans is caused by infection with various species of Babesia (Apicomplexa, Piroplasmida), mainly transmitted by an arthropod vector – Ixodes spp. ticks. This review will focus on blood transfusion as another mode of Babesia transmission, especially in endemic areas, as well as the impact of human babesiosis on transfusion medicine.
During the last several years Babesia canis infections have become one of the most serious parasitic diseases of dogs in Poland, often leading to the death of the animals. Acute babesiosis manifests itself with fever, lethargy, lost of appetite, haemoglobinuria, and vomiting. However, some of the infections may be asymptomatic or insufficient treatment may lead to chronic, asymptomatic babesiosis. In the present paper, the case of a 2-year-old dog is described. The dog needed to undergo splenectomy after a spleen rupture during spontaneous play with other dogs. The likely cause for the spleen rupture was splenomegaly observed during USG and surgery. Several hours after surgery, babesiosis symptoms were manifested, with haemoglobinuria, fever and typical blood picture, morphology and biochemistry. The short time from the surgery to the manifestation of symptoms and observed splenomegaly suggested asymptomatic B. canis infection as an indirect cause of the spleen rupture.
The replication system of plasmid pMTH4 (22 kb) of dichloromethane-degrading Paracoccus methylutens DM12 (Alphaproteobacteria) has been cloned within a mini-replicon pMTH100 (4.7 kb) and preliminarily characterized. Functional analysis, performed with a series of mutated plasmid mini-derivatives, showed that the replicator region consists of three elements: (i) gene repA coding for a replication initiation protein RepA, (ii) origin of replication (oriV), placed in the promoter region of repA and containing a set of imperfect directly repeated sequences (iterons) together with putative DnaA and IHF-binding DNA sequences as well as (iii) an enhancer (0.65 kb) upstream of oriV. We showed that the enhancer was not crucial for plasmid replication, however, it was necessary to assure the proper plasmid copy number. Additionally its presence has increased the strength of a determinant of incompatibility (located within the oriV region) as well as the level of transcription carried from the repA promoter. The enhancer region was shown not to encode any proteins or promoter sequences. We speculate that this region might constitute a site of binding of plasmid or host-encoded proteins that are able to interact with the origin, which positively regulates the initiation of replication.
Introduction and objective. Tick-borne infections constitute an increasing health problem in dogs and may lead to death, especially in young or elderly individuals. Canine babesiosis constitutes a serious health problem in dogs worldwide. The aim of the study was to verify the probability of vertical transmission of Babesia canis between the bitch and the pups. Materials and methods. In Autumn 2011, cases of babesiosis were diagnosed in a litter of 6-week-old puppies of a Central Asian Shepherd dog. Immediately following the first case of infection, blood samples were collected from all the pups in the litter (n=10) and from the female. Detection of Babesia infection was performed by molecular and microscopical techniques. Results. The presence of B. canis DNA was detected using PCR in three pups, presenting at the time or 24–48 hours later with babesiosis symptoms, and in their asymptomatic mother. The isolates derived from the pups and the female – 520 bp 18S rRNA gene fragment – were compared and analyzed. All isolates from the pups and their mother were identical and showed 100% homology with B. canis group B (EU622793), supporting the same source of infection. Additionally, the USG of the peritoneal cavity was performed in the female, presenting evidence for splenomegaly. Conclusions. On the basis of (1) the same timing of three pup cases; (2) the identical B. canis sequences derived from all positive dogs; (3) evident splenomegaly in the asymptomatic female, this provides the first evidence of the vertical transmission of this piroplasm in dogs.
Introduction and objectives. Sporting dogs, including sled dogs, are particularly prone to tick-borne infection either due to training/racing in forest areas or through visits to endemic areas. The aim was to present tick-borne infections in a 6-dog racing team after a race in Estonia. Materials and methods. On the 4th day after return to Poland, the first dog presented with babesiosis symptoms and was diagnosed and treated accordingly. Next morning, the dog showed neurological symptoms and was diagnosed with tickborne encephalitis (TBE). Diagnosis was confirmed by a high level of IgG antibodies (922 IU/ml), detected in serum 3 months later. The second dog presented with babesiosis symptoms on the 7th day after return. Babesia DNA was extracted from blood, amplified and sequenced to answer the question of whether the dogs became infected during the race in Estonia or in Poland. Results and conclusions. Sequencing of a fragment of Babesia 18S rDNA revealed that these two isolates were identical to one another and closely related to the B. canis sequence originally isolated from the dog and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in Poland. Thus, this is the first confirmed case of B.canis and TBEV co-infection and first confirmed case of TBE in a dog in Poland.
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