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This paper presents the occurrence, properties and origin of chromium, nickel and cobalt in environmental samples - soil, water and the atmosphere. Methods of determining the above-mentioned elements, as well as the ways of preparing environmental samples for chemical analyses were presented. The content of chromium, nickel and cobalt in the atmosphere, the naturally occurring waters and soil was shown, along with the permissible concentrations of the above elements in the three divisions of the environment legally required in Poland and other countries in the world.
This paper reports the results of studies of organic carbon concentrations (TOC, DOC and POC) in samples of natural water. The material studied came from 11 lakes in Wielkopolski National Park, from the Vistula and Warta rivers, 20 public wells situated in rural areas of the Wielkopolska region, and mineral water intakes located at different depths. In the case of surface waters, changes in DOC and POC were recorded for one year. The results were compared with data on natural waters available in literature.
Progressing urbanization results in the potential increase of pollution sources such as wastes, industrial or municipal sewage, which may contain hazardous inorganic pollutants such as e.g. metal ions and their compounds. Urbanization has a negative effect also on soil, as a consequence of an increasing share of impermeable surfaces such as pavements, parking lots, housing developments and public buildings. The area of a hardened (impermeable) surface is exposed to intensive surface runoff during rain and as a result pollutants are transported through the storm drainage system directly to surface waters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metals contained in rainwater discharged from subcatchments of various land use types on the quality of surface waters (the Cybina River and the Antoninek reservoir) in the city of Poznań, as well as investigate whether metal contents in rainwater effluents depend on the relief and character of the immediate catchment. Investigations were conducted in 2009 along the lower section of the Cybina River. Water samples from the river and reservoir were collected each time when collecting rain water samples. Water and sewage samples were collected 15 times within a year. Analyses were conducted on 5 selected catchments (with different land uses) drained by storm water drainage system discharged to the Cybina River and the Antoninek reservoir. Water was collected from 13 sampling points (5 of which were sewer outfalls and 8 were situated on the river or the reservoir above and below the sewage discharge). Higher concentrations of all tested elements were recorded in rainwater in comparison to the water samples coming from the river or the reservoir. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) model presenting differences between water concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Fe and environmental variables (rainfall intensity measured in a four-point scale, location as divided into industrial areas multi- and single-family housing as well as location of sewage discharge to the river on the reservoir) showed elevated concentrations of these elements especially in water collected directly from the storm water sewer. Elevated metal concentrations in storm system effluents did not have a significant effect on the content of these pollutants in the river or the reservoir. It could have been caused by the intensive immobilization of elemental ions in bottom deposits followed by the metal uptake by aquatic organisms, mainly plants.
The material for our study came from 44 lobelian lakes located near Bytów. The lakes differed in size, depth, and drainage area development. The objective of the study was to determine the content of TOC, DOC, and POC in these lakes using a high temperature method. COD was also measured using a dichromate method, and after that the results were expressed by the TOC values. Then the TOC values obtained via the two methods were compared. The lakes under investigation proved to contain different amounts of dissolved organic carbon (1.8-19.0 mg/1), with POC falling within the range 0-33% of TOC.
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