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Ever since man began to settle down in a given area, he has enclosed it against animals and other people. Later, these enclosures were expanded more and more until they took on more functions and gradations. Based on examples from the history of world culture, the author ponders whether it is a way of designating the Lebensraum, a way of regulating settlement of an area, a separation to maintain distance, the feeling of safety or isolation, or whether it is a consequence of fear of other men and the forces of nature.
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Wirty is the name of a town near Stargard Gdański which has an arboretum with precious tree collection, established in the years 1887—1897. The article presents the arboretum and provides interesting comments on collecting and acclimation of exotic and domestic specimens.
Seren Bjorn, who died in 1819, "a royal Prussian supervisor of plantations" in Gdańsk wrote an extremely interesting book. "A glance at the advantages of good treating of Prussian willows", (Gdańsk 1804), translated into Polish by K. C. Mrongovius. Bjorn presented willow species which he considered the most valuable in cultivation and use. He argued that willows were a very valuable tree group which, due to the abundance of species and varieties adapted to all habitats. The author of the article supports the views of the Dane. The willow, however, is still an underestimated and underutilised tree species.
The urban design of Gdańsk - as in the case of other European cities - incorporates a successful inclusion of alleys in the city's layout. The author begins the description with the symbolic alley, a painting by Izaak van den Blocke on the plafond of the Red Room in the Gdańsk Town Hall, named „the allegory of the Gdańsk trade”, or „the apotheosis of Gdańsk”. The second one, the Grand Alley, was established in the 17th century, it is one of the oldest public green areas in Poland. The third alley lies in the Oliwa monastery garden. All the three alleys were established at the peak development of Gdańsk, and they have the sea in the background.
The interest in health-giving properties of mineral waters and medicinal properties of sea-water bath gave rise to development of resorts. The need to remain in close contact with nature resulted in development of tourism, climatotherapy, recreation facilities and led to masses of people frequenting favorite sites. The development of resorts was encouraged by their cultural values as well as their features: sea, beaches, scenic landscapes, vegetation and other natural attractions. To make them available to a greater number of patients resort complexes with sanatoria, bath facilities, piers and green areas (a garden and a seaside promenade) were established. The author discusses such problems using health resorts in Sopot, Krynica Morska and seaside districts of Gdańsk and Gdynia as an example.
Amber, a mysterious fossil called the Baltic gold, has been utilised by man from neolith to present days. A kind of cultural aura has accompanied amber throughout thousands of years, including a number of interconnected elements: principles regarding its extraction, trade, processing skills, tradition, fashion. The author discusses these problems referring to Gdańsk, one of important historical amber processing centres, located in the amber route.
The author discusses developmental issues of seaside resorts and spa towns using as an example of Karwieńskie Błota, a town located in Eastern Pomerania on the Baltic coast. In 19th century, Karwieńskie Błota was first visited as a spa for treatment of diseases. With time, people would come to Karwieńskie Błota for recreation and touristm, which were crucial in shaping the development of the town. After the Second World War II, as forms of recreation changed, natural values of seaside towns and village ceased to pull crowds. This lead to the destruction of environment and degradation of landscape.
This paper has focused (i) on the problem of how to stimulate the professional activity of the inhabitants of the post State Agricultural Farms (SAF) areas and (ii) the influence of mobility on labor market upon poverty in families. In the research a diagnostic survey was used. The subject of the research were 54 employees of the former SAFs. The results confirmed that the former SAF areas are the most difficult areas regarding professional activity, and the mobility of the people from the surveyed SAF on the labor market is nearly non-existent.
The abbatial park in Oliwa ranks first in the register of monuments of Gdańsk Voivodship as it is the most precious example of development of horticultural art in this area. The author describes how the decorative park was created and five basic stages of developing it. She focuses on its precious natural and dendrological values and features which are very attractive to tourists. However, due to changes in recent years the park seems to be threatened by interests of specific groups and current pressures. There are opinions that the park should be managed in terms of tourism, taking into account adequate commercial and catering facilities.
INTRODUCTION: Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) is a major calcium influx mechanism in non‑excitable cells, however, there is increasing evidence indicating its significance in neurons. STIM proteins, that are calcium sensors localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, are crucial for this process. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis is a feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, it was shown that the level of STIM2 is reduced in the hippocampus in mice model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in cortical samples from sporadic AD patients. Moreover, expression of STIM2 in mice brain decreases with aging. AIM(S): The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of stims and orais in zebrafish. This will allow us to investigate Stim2 functions in neurons and to prepare models of some pathologies. Genetically modified zebrafish lines are often used as models of human diseases. METHOD(S): Using quantitative RT-PCR we estimated the mRNA level of stims and orais in larvae and in various tissues obtained from adult zebrafish. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology stim2b‑/‑ zebrafish line was generated and then crossed with Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) line. Changes in Ca2+ level in wild-type and k/o larvae were measured in vivo using Light-Sheet microscopy with GCaMP5G calcium probe expressed in neurons. RESULTS: Similarly to what was observed in rodents, orai2 dominates in the brain, nevertheless, there are some differences between mammalian and zebrafish expression pattern regarding stims. It was shown that Stim2 is mainly expressed in the mouse brain, while in zebrafish both stim2 isoforms dominate in muscles, however their level in the brain is still relatively high. Interestingly, stim1b and stim2b as well as orai1a and orai1b expression significantly increases with aging. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of calcium homeostasis and gene expression in stim2b‑/‑ fish indicates that this calcium ER sensor plays an important role in zebrafish neurons.
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