Metody oceny przygotowania fizycznego współczesnego piłkarza nożnego

• Autorzy: Was R. , Pilis W. , Pilis K.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Evaluation methods of modern soccer player physical preparation

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Piłka nożna jest sportem i zjawiskiem społecznym, który uprawiany jest przez wiele milionów mężczyzn i kobiet, a środki masowego przekazu pokazują ją setkom milionów ludzi na całym świecie. Piłka nożna stała się sportem, w którym wydolność fizyczna i specjalny rodzaj treningu są krytycznym warunkiem do osiągnięcia sukcesu. Zatem w tej pracy próbowaliśmy scharakteryzować wydolność fizyczną piłkarzy nożnych, która w 80–90% oparta jest o metabolizm tlenowy, a tylko w 10–20% związana jest z metabolizmem beztlenowym. W dalszej części artykułu autorzy próbowali opisać obydwie składowe wydolności fizycznej. Wskazano na ważność oceny maksymalnego poboru tlenu metodą bezpośrednią i wskazano na niedoskonałości oceny tej zmiennej metodą pośrednią. Użyteczność progu tlenowo-beztlenowego, testu Konkoniego i maksymalnego długu tlenowego u piłkarzy nożnych również została przedstawiona. W krótki, tabelaryczny sposób przedstawiono również kilka testów oceny wydolności beztlenowej. Pomimo istotnego znaczenia wydolności fizycznej u piłkarzy nożnych, ocena specjalnych możliwości polowych sportowców powinna być również uwzględniana. Celem kontroli tych możliwości piłkarzy nożnych, autorzy opisali: przerywany test wytrzymałości Yo-Yo, przerywany test odnowy Yo-Yo, wielostopniowy wahadłowy test biegowy, ciągły wielostopniowy test sprawności fizycznej, aerobowy test z piłką, tj. Hoff Test, piłkarski test sprinterski według Bangsbo, 10-metrowy wahadłowy test biegowy, test wyskoku pionowego i test pięciu kolejnych wyskoków. Ponadto do oceny specjalnych umiejętności piłkarskich opisano następujące testy: piłkarski test podań, piłkarski test strzałów i kilka lokalnie przygotowanych testów. Zaobserwowano, że dobre przygotowanie piłkarza nożnego usprawnia techniczne i taktyczne aspekty gry i jest dobrym czynnikiem protekcyjnym przeciw kontuzjom sportowym.

EN

Soccer is a sport and social phenomenon which is trained by several millions of men and women and mass-media raports it to hundreds millons of spectators all over the world. Soccer has become a sport in which physical performance and special kind of training are critical to achieve success. Then in this paper we would like to characterize physical performance of soccer players, which in 80–90% is based on aerobic metabolism but only in 10–20% it is connected with anerobic one. In further part of article authors tried to describe these both components of physical performance. It was indicated the importance of maximal oxygen uptake determination by the direct way and it was to pay attention on problems when we use the indirect method. Usefullness of aerobic-anaerobic threshold, Conconi test and maximal oxygen debt in soccer was also reported. In a short table way several anaerobic tests was also shown. In spite of importance of physical performance in the soccer, estimation of special field capacity of athletes should be arranged too. In order to control this part of soccer players condition authors described: Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Multistage Shuttle Test, Continuous Multistage Test, Aerobic Test with the ball, eg. Hoff Test, Bangsbo Soccer Sprint Test, 10 m Shuttle Test or Vertical Jump Test as well as 5 Jump Test. Moreover in order to estimation special soccer players skills the next tests were described: Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, Loughborough Soccer Shooting Test and several locally praparated tests. It was observed that good soccer players capacity improve technical and tactical aspects of game and is a good protective factors of sport injuries.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Kultura Fizyczna
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: 08
• Opis fizyczny: s.159-186,tab.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Was R.

• Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych w Częstochowie, Częstochowa

autor

Pilis W.

• Instytut Kultury Fizycznej, Akademia im.Jana Długosza w Częstochowie, Częstochowa

autor

Pilis K.

• Instytut Kultury Fizycznej, Akademia im.Jana Długosza w Częstochowie, Częstochowa

Bibliografia

• [1] Agnevik G. (eds.), (1970): Fotboll, Idrottsfysiologi, Rapport no. 7. Trygg-Hansa, Stockholm.
• [2] Al-Hazzaa H.M., Almuzaini K.S., Al-Refaee S.A., Sulaiman M.A., Dafterdar M.Y., Al-Ghamedi A., Al-Khuraiji KN. (2001): Aerobic and anaerobic power characteristics of Saudi elite soccer players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 41 (1): 54–61.
• [3] Ali A., Farrally M. (1991): Recording soccer players heart rates during matches. J. Sports Sci., 9: 183–189.
• [4] Ali A., Williams C., Hulse M., Strudwick A., Reddin J., Howarth L., Eldred J., Hirst M., McGregor S. (2007): Reliability and validity of two tests of soccer skill. J Sports Sci., 25 (13): 1461–70.
• [5] American College of Sports Medicine. (1986): Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lea and Fabiger Publ., Philadelphia.
• [6] Apor P. (1988): Successful formulaefor fitness training. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., et al. editors, Science and Football. 95–107, E & FN Spon, London.
• [7] Arnason A., Sigurdsson S.B., Gudmundsson A., Holme I., Engebretsen L., Bahr R. (2004): Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36 (2): 278–85.
• [8] Astrand P.D., Rodahl K. (1986): Tetbook of work physiology. McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York – Toronto.
• [9] Astrand P.O., Rodahl K., Dahl H.A. (2003): Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise. Hum. Kin., Windsor (Canada).
• [10] Astrand P.O., Ryhming I. (1954): A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work. J. Appl. Physiol., 7: 218–221.
• [11] Balsom P.D., Ekblom B., Sjödin B. (1994): Enhanced oxygen availability during high-intensity intermittent exercise decreases anaerobic metabolite concentration in blood. Acta Physiol. Scan., 150: 455–456.
• [12] Balsom P.D., Gaitanos G.C., Ekblom B., Sjödin B. (1994): Reduced oxygen availability during high-intensity intermittent exercise impairs performance. Acta Physiol. Scan., 152: 279–285.
• [13] Balsom P.D., Seger J.Y., Ekblom B. (1991): A physiological evaluation of high-intensity intermittent exercise. Abstr. from the 2nd World Congress on Science and Football, 22–25, Veldhoven.
• [14] Bangsbo J. (1992a): Is the O₂ deficit an accurate quantitative measure of the anaerobic energy production during intense exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 73: 1207–1208.
• [15] Bangsbo J. (1993): The physiology of soccer. Acta Physiol Scand., 619.
• [16] Bangsbo J. (1994a): Energy demands in competitive soccer. J. Sport Sci., 12: 5–12.
• [17] Bangsbo J. (1994b): The physiology of soccer – with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl., 619: 1–155.
• [18] Bangsbo J. (1994c): Fitness training in football. A scientific approach. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Ho+Storm, 88–97.
• [19] Bangsbo J. (1995): Tests de terrain pour footballeurs. Actualites Sport et Medicine, 38: 3–8.
• [20] Bangsbo J., (1999): Sprawność fizyczna piłkarza. Warszawa, Biblioteka Trenera.
• [21] Bangsbo J., Gollnick P., Graham T. (1990): Anaerobic energy production and O₂ deficit-debet relationship during exhaustive exercise in humans. J. Physiol. Lond., 42: 539–559.
• [22] Bangsbo J., Lindquist F. (1992b): Comparison of various exercise tests with endurance performance during soccer in professional players. Int. J. Sports Med., 13: 125–32.
• [23] Bangsbo J., Nørregaard L., Thorsø F. (1991): Activity profile of competition soccer. Can J Sport Sci., 16 (2): 110–6.
• [24] Bar-Or O., Dotan R., Inbar O. (1977): A 30-sec all-out ergometric test: It’s valiability and validity for anaerobic capacity.
• [25] Beneke R. (1995): Anaerobic threshold, individual anaerobic threshold, and maximal lactate steady state in rowing. Med. and Sci. in Sports and Exercise, 27: 863–86.
• [26] Beneke R. et al. (1996b): Maximal lactate steady-state during the second decade of age. Med. and Sci. in Sports and Exercise, 28: 1474–1478.
• [27] Beneke R. et al. (1996c): Maximal lactate steady-state in children. Pediatric Exerc. Sci., 8: 328–336.
• [28] Beneke R., Hutler M., Leithauser R.M. (2000): Maximal lactate steadystate independent of performance. Med. and Sci. in Sports and Exercise, 32: 1135–1139.
• [29] Beneke R., Petelin von Duvillard S. (1996a): Determination of maximal lactate steady state response in selected sports events. Med. and Sci. in Sports and Exercise, 28: 241–246.
• [30] Bloomfield J. (eds.) (1992): Textbook of science and medicine in sport. Blackwell, Melbourne.
• [31] Bosco C., Luhtanen P., Komi P. (1983): A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 50: 273–282.
• [32] Brewer J., Ramsbottom R., Williams C. (1988): Multistage fitness test. National Coaching Foundation, Leeds.
• [33] Brewer J., Davis J.A. (1992): A physiological comparison of English professional and semi-professional soccer players. J. Sports Sci., 10: 146–147.
• [34] Brooks G., Fahey T. (1989): Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications. MacWillan Publ. Comp., New York.
• [35] Brooks G.A., Madsen K., Kiens B. & Richter E.A. (1996): Effect of muscle acidity on muscle metabolism and fatigue during intense exercise in man. J. of Physiol., (London) 495, 587–596.
• [36] Bunc V., Heller J., Procházka L. (1992): Physiological characterystic of elite Czechoslovak footballers. J. Sports Sci., 10, 149.
• [37] Bunc V., Heller J., Zdanowicz R. (1983): Sposoby wyznaczania progu przemian beztlenowych. „Sport Wyczynowy”, 8–9/24–225: 14–18.
• [38] Bunc V., Psotta R. (2001): Physiological profile of very young soccer players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 41 (3): 337–41.
• [39] Capranica L., Tessitore A., Guidetti L. et al. (2001): Heart rate and match analysis in pre-pubescent soccer players. J. Sports Sci., 19 (6): 379–384.
• [40] Carey D.G. (1997): Comparative ability of four submaximal exercise test to predict changes in maximal oxygen uptake consequent to an aerobic training programme. Biol. of Sport, 14: 135–144.
• [41] Casajus J.A. (2001): Seasonal variation in fitness variables in professional soccer players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 41 (4): 463–469.
• [42] Castagna C., Belardinelli R., Impellizzeri F.M., Abt G.A., Coutts A.J., D’Ottavio S. (2007): Cardiovascular responses during recreational 5-a-side indoor-soccer. J. Sci. Med. Sport., 10 (2): 89–95.
• [43] Castagna C., Impellizzeri F.M., Belardinelli R., Abt G., Coutts A., Chamari K., D’Ottavio S. (2006a): Cardiorespiratory responses to Yo-yo Intermittent Endurance Test in nonelite youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res., 20 (2): 326–30.
• [44] Castagna C., Impellizzeri F.M., Chamari K., Carlomagno D., Rampinini E. (2006b): Aerobic fitness and yo-yo continuous and intermittent tests performances in soccer players: a correlation study. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20 (2): 320–5.
• [45] Chamari K., Hachana Y., Ahmed Y.B., Galy O., Sghaier F., Chatard J.C., Hue O., Wisloff U. (2004): Field and laboratory testing in young elite soccer players. Br. J. Sports Med., 38 (2): 191–6.
• [46] Chamari K., Chaouachi A., Hambli M., Kaouech F., Wisløff U., Castagna C. (2008): The Five-Jump Test for Distance as a Field Test to Assess Lower Limb Explosive Power in Soccer Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. [Epub ahead of print].
• [47] Chamari K., Hachana Y., Kaouech F., Jeddi R., Moussa-Chamari I., Wisløff U. (2005): Endurance training and testing with the ball in young elite soccer players. Br. J. Sports Med., 39 (1): 24–8.
• [48] Cheetham M., Bobis L., Brooks S. (1986): Human muscle metabilism during sprint running. J. Appl. Physiol., 61: 54–60.
• [49] Cheetham M., Wiliams C. (1985): Blood pH and blood lactate concentration following maximal treadmill sprinting in man. J. Physiol., 361, 79 P.
• [50] Cometti G., Maffiuletti N.A., Pousson M., Chatard J.C., Maffulli N. (2001): Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power of elite, subelite and amateur French soccer players. Int. J. Sports Med., 22 (1): 45–51.
• [51] Conconi F., Ferrari M., Ziglio P., Droghetti P., Codeca L. (1982): Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in rinners. J. Appl. Physiol., 52: 869–873.
• [52] Cooper K. (1982): The aerobic program for total well-being. Bantam Books, New York.
• [53] Cunningham D., Faulkner J. (1969): The effect of training on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during a short exhaustive run. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 1: 65–69.
• [54] Dal Monte (1983): The functional values on sport. Firente. Sansoni.
• [55] Dotan R., Bar-Or O. (1983): Load optymalization for the Wingate anaerobic test. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 51, 409.
• [56] Davis J.A., Brewer J., Atkin D. (1992): Pre-seasonal physiological characteristics of English first and second division soccer players. J. Sports Sci., 10 (6): 541–547.
• [57] De Bryn-Prevost P. (1975): Essai de mise au point d’une epreuve anaerobic sur bicyclette ergometrique. Med. du Sport, 49: 202–206.
• [58] Ekblom B. (1986): Applied physiology of soccer. Sport Med., 3 (1): 50–60.
• [59] Ekblom B. (1994), Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Football (soccer). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
• [60] Emmerich J. (1978): Cykloergometryczny test oceny wydolności anaerobowej oraz niektóre fizjologiczno-biochemiczne aspekty wysiłków krótkotrwałych o maksymalnej intensywności. Wyd. monograficzne AWF Kraków, 11.
• [61] Faina M., Gallozzi C., Lupo S. et al. (1988): Definition of physological profile of the soccer players. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., et al. editors, Science and Football. 158–163, E & FN Spon, London.
• [62] Foster C. et al. (1995): The bloodless lactate profile. Med. and Sci. in Sports and Exercise, 27: 927–933.
• [63] Gastin P., Costill D., Lawson D. (1994): Accumulated oxygen deficit during supramaximal, all out and constant intensity exercise. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 27 (2): 255–263.
• [64] Gerisch G., Rutemöller E., Weber K. (1988): Sportsmedical measurements of performance in soccer. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., et al. (eds), Science and Football. 60–67, E & FN Spon, London.
• [65] Gołaszewski J. (2003): Piłka nożna. AWF Poznań.
• [66] Heck H. (1990): Laktat in der Leistungsdiagnostik. Schorndorf, Hofmann, 23–180.
• [67] Heck H. et al. (1985): Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate treshold. Int. J. of Sports Med., 6: 117–130.
• [68] Helgerud J., Egen L.C., Wisloff U., Hoff J. (2001): Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 33 (11): 1925–31.
• [69] Hermansen L. (1971): Muscle metabolism during exercise. Plenum, New York.
• [70] Hermansen L., Stensvold I. (1972): Production and removal of lactate during exercise in man. Acta Physiol. Scand., 86 (2): 191–201.
• [71] Hermansen L., Vaage O. (1977): Lactate disappearance and glycogen synthesis in human muscle after maximal exercise. Am. J. Physiol., 233 (5): 422–429.
• [72] Hoff J., Wisløff U., Engen L.C., Kemi O.J., Helgerud J. (2002): Soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Br. J. Sports Med., 36 (3): 218–21.
• [73] Holmann W., Liesen H., Mader A. et al. (1981): Zur Höchsten und Dauerleistungsfähigkeit der Deutschen Fussball-Spitzenspieler. Dtsch. Z. Sportmed., 32: 113–120.
• [74] http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/bigcount/index.html.
• [75] Hübner-Woźniak E., Lutosławska G. (2000): Podstawy biochemii wysiłku fizycznego. COS, Warszawa.
• [76] Impellizzeri F.M., Rampinini E., Coutts A.J., Sassi A., Marcora S.M. (2004): Use of RPE-based training load in soccer. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36 (6): 1042–7.
• [77] Inbar O., Bar-Or O., Skinner J. (1996): The Wingate anaerobic test. Hum. Kinetics., Champaigne IL.
• [78] James F. et al. (1980): Response of normal children and young adults to controlled bicycle exercise. Circulation, 61: 902–912.
• [79] Jarużny N.W. (1985): Dynamika mechaniczeskoj proizwoditelnosti i energeticzeskowwo obmiena u junoszej 17–18 liet pri kratkowriemiennoj myszecznoj rabotie predielnoj intensiwnosti. Moskwa.
• [80] Katch J., Weltman A. (1979): Iterrelationship between anaerobic power output, anaerobic capacity and aerobic capacity and aerobic power. Ergonomics, 22: 325–332.
• [81] Kemi O.J., Hoff J., Engen L.C. et al. (2003): Soccer specific testing of maximal oxygen uptake. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness; 43: 139–44
• [82] Keul J. et al (1979): Bestimmung der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle zur Leistungsbewertung und Trainingsgestaltung. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 7: 212–218.
• [83] Kinderman W., Keul J. (1977): Anaerobe energiebereitstellung im Hochlestungssport. Schondorf: Hoffman Verlag.
• [84] Klusiewicz A., Faff J. (2003): Indirect methods of estimating maximal oxygen uptake on the rowing ergometer. Biol. of Sport, 20: 181–194.
• [85] Klusiewicz A., Starczewska-Czapowska J., Leszczyńska J. (2006): Przydatność Polar Fitness Testu w ocenie wydolności fizycznej wytrenowanych zawodników. „Sport Wyczynowy”, 7–8: 499–500.
• [86] Klusiewicz A., Zdanowicz R. (2002): Prób beztlenowy a stan maksymalnej równowagi mleczanowej – uwagi praktyczne. „Sport Wyczynowy”, 1–2: 445–446.
• [87] Knowlton R., Ackerman K., Fizgerald P. (1980): Physiological and performance characteristics of United States championship class orienteers. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 12: 164–169.
• [88] Kollath E., Quade K. (1993): Measurement of sprinting speed of professional and amateur soccer players. In: Reilly T., Clarys J., Stibbe A. (eds), Science and Football. E & FN Spon, London, 31–36.
• [89] Komi P., Rusko H., Vos J. (1977): Anaerobic performance capacity athletes. Acta Physiol. Scand., 100: 107–114.
• [90] Kozłowski S., Nazar K. (1999): Wprowadzenie do fizjologii klinicznej. PZWL, Warszawa.
• [91] Krustrup P., Mohr M., Steensberg A., Bencke J., Kjaer M., Bangsbo J. (2006): Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38 (6): 1165–74.
• [92] Krustrup P., Mohr M., Amstrup T., Rysgaard T., Johansen J., Steensberg A., Pedersen P.K., Bangsbo J. (2003): The yo-yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 35 (4): 697–705.
• [93] Leatt P., Shepard R.J., Plyley M.J. (1987): Specific muscular development in under-18 soccer players. J. Sports Sci., 5 (2): 165–175.
• [94] Luthanen P., Rahkila P. (1989): Physical fitness profile of Finnish national soccer team candidates. Sci. Fottball, 2: 30–33.
• [95] MacRae H.S.H., Dennis S.C., Bosch A.N. et al. (1992): Effects of training in lactate production and removal during progressive exercise in human. J. Appl. Physiol., 72 (5): 1649–1656.
• [96] Mader A. et al. (1976): Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin, 27: 80–88, 109–112.
• [97] Mader A., Heck H. (1986): A theory of the metabolic origin of „aerobic threshold”. Int. J. Sport Med., 72: 1649–1656.
• [98] Margaria R., Aghemo P., Rovelli E. (1966): Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in man. J. Appl. Physiol., 21: 1662–1664.
• [99] McDougall J., Wenger N., Green A. (1991): Physiological testing of the high-perfor-ming athletes. Hum. Kinetics, Champaign IL.
• [100] McMillan K., Helgerud J., Macdonald R., Hoff J. (2005): Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players. Br. J. Sports Med., 39 (5): 273–277.
• [101] Medbo J., Mohn A., Tabata I. (1988): Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O₂ deficit. J. Appl. Physiol., 64: 50–60.
• [102] Mercier J., Mercier B., Prefaut C. (1991): Blood lactate increase during the force velocity exercise test. Int. J. Sports Med., 12: 17–20.
• [103] Mohr M., Krustrup P., Bangsbo J. (2003): Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J. Sports Sci., 21 (7): 519–28.
• [104] Mohr M., Krustrup P., Nybo L. et al. (2004): Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches: beneficial effects of re-warm-up at half time. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 14 (3): 156–162.
• [105] Mujika I, Padilla S, Ibañez J, et al. (2000): Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 32: 518–25.
• [106] Nicholas C.W., Nuttall F.E., Williams C. (2000): The Loughborough intermittent shuttle test: a field test that simulates the activity of soccer. J. Sports Sci., 18: 97–104.
• [107] Nowacki P.E., Cai D.Y., Buhl C. et al. (1988): Biological performance of German soccer players (professional and junior) tested by special ergometry and treadmill methods. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., et al. (eds), Science and Football. E & FN Spon, London, 145–157.
• [108] Ogushi T., Ohashi J., Nagahama H. et al. (1993): Work intensity during soccer match-play. In: Reilly T., Clarys J., Stibbe A. (eds), Science and Football. E & FN Spon, London, 121–123.
• [109] Paavolainen L., Häkkinen K., Hämäläinen I. et al. (1999): Explosive strenght training improve 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J. Appl. Physiol., 86 (5): 1527–1533.
• [110] Psotta R., Blahus P., Cochrane D.J., Martin A.J. (2005): The assessment of an intermittent high intensity running test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness., 45 (3): 248–56.
• [111] Reilly T, Bangbso J, Franks A. (2000): Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. J. Sports Sci. 18: 669–83.
• [112] Reilly T. (1994): Physiological profile of the player. In: Ekblom B, ed. Football (soccer). London: Blackwell, 78–95.
• [113] Reilly T., Thomas V. (1976): A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play. J. Hum. Mov. Stud., 2: 87–97.
• [114] Reilly T., Williams A.M., Nevill A., Franks A. (2000): A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. J Sports Sci., 18 (9): 695–702.
• [115] Rienzi E., Drust B., Reilly T., Carter J.E., Martin. (2000): Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of elite South American international soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness., 40 (2): 162–9.
• [116] Rohde H.C., Espersen T. (1988): Work intensity during soccer match play. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., et al. (eds), Science and Football. 68–75, E & FN Spon, London.
• [117] Rostgaard T., Iaia F.M., Simonsen D.S., Bangsbo J. (2008): A test to evaluate the physical impact on technical performance in soccer. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jan; 22 (1): 283–92.
• [118] Saris W., Noordeloos A., Ringhalda B., Van’t Hof M., Binkhorst R. (1985): Reference values for aerobic power of healthy 4–18 year Dutch children. Preliminary results. In: Binkhorst R., Kemper H., Saris W., Children and Exercise XI. Hum. Kinetics, Champaigne IL., 151–160.
• [119] Sjödin B. et al. (1982): Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzyme after training at OBLA. Europ. J. of Appl. Physiol., 49: 45–57.
• [120] Skiner J., Morgan D. (1985): Aspects of anaerobic performance. In: Clarke D., Eckert H. (eds.), Limits of human performance. Hum. Kin., Champaigne IL.
• [121] Smith M., Clarke G., Hale T. et al. (1993): Blood lactate levels in college soccer players during match play. In: Reilly T., Clarys J., Stibbe A. (eds), Science and Football II. 129–134, E & FN Spon, London.
• [122] Stegemann H., Kindermann W. (1981): Bestimmung der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle bei unterschiedlich Ausdauertrainierten aufgrund des Verhaltens der Lactatkinetik während der Arbeits- und Erholungsphase. Deutsche Zeits. für Sportmed., 1: 213–221.
• [123] Stevens G., Wilson B. (1986): Aerobic contribution to the Wingate test. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 18, 2.
• [124] Stølen T., Chamari K., Castagna C., Wisløff U. (2005): Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Med., 35 (6): 501–36.
• [125] Strøyer J., Hansen L., Klausen K. (2004): Physiological profile and activity pattern of young soccer players during match play. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36 (1): 168–74.
• [126] Svensson M., Drust B. (2005): Testing soccer players. J. Sports Sci., 23 (6): 601–618.
• [127] Talaga J. (1997b): Trening piłki nożnej. Biblioteka Trenera, RCMSzKFiS, Warszawa.
• [128] Tamayo M., Sucec A., Philips W., Buon M., Laubach L., Frey M. (1984): The Wingate anaerobic test, peak blood lactate and maximal oxygen debt in elite volleyball players. A validation study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 16: 126.
• [129] Tesch P.A. (1980): Muscle fatigue in man. With special reference to lactate accumulation during short term intense exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., 480, 1.
• [130] Tomlin D.L., Wenger H.A. (2001): The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high intensity intermittent exercise. Sports Med., 31: 1–11.
• [131] Valquer W., Barros T.L., Sant’anna M. (1998). High intensity motion pattern analyses of Brazylian elite soccer players. In: Tavares F. (eds.), IV World Congress of National Analysis of Sport, Porto 23–27. Porto: FCDEF-UP, 1998, 80.
• [132] Van Gool., Van Gerven D., Boutmans J. (1988): The physiological load imposed in soccer players during real match-play. In: Reilly T., Lees A., Davids K., Murphy W.J. (eds), Science and Football. 51–59, E & FN Spon, London.
• [133] Vanderford M.L., Meyers M.C., Skelly W.A. et al. (2004): Physiological and sport-specific skill response of olimpic youth soccer athletes, J. Strength Cond. Res., 18 (2): 334–342.
• [134] Vanfraechem J.H.P., Tomas M. (1993): Maximal aerobic power and ventilatory treshold of a top level soccer team. In: Reilly T., Clarys J., Stibbe A. (eds), Science and Football II. 43–46, E & FN Spon, London.
• [135] Verstappen F., Bovens F. (1989): Interval testing with football players at a laboratory. Sci. Football, 2: 15–16.
• [136] Vodak P., Wilmore J. (1975): Validyty of the 6-minute jog walk and the 600-yard run-walk in estimating endurance capacity in boys 9–12 years of age. Res. Q., 46: 230–234.
• [137] Weltman A. (1995): The blood lactate response to exercise. Hum. Kinetics, Champaigne, IL.
• [138] Wilmore J.H., Costill D.L. (1994): Physiology of Sport and Exercise. pp. 110. Hum. Kinetics, Champaign IL.
• [139] Wilson B., Chislom D. (1993): Total body maximal aerobic power in children as measured by Concept II rowing ergometer (abs.). Pediatr. Exerc., 5: 487.
• [140] Wisløff U., Castagna C., Helgerud J., Jones R., Hoff J. (2004): Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. Br J Sports Med., 38 (3): 285–8.
• [141] Wisløff U., Helgerud J., Hoff J. (1998): Strength and endurance of elite soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 30 (3): 462–7.
• [142] Withers R.T., Maricic Z., Wasilewski S. et al. (1982): Match analysis of Australian professional soccer players. J. Hum. Mov. Stud., 8: 159–176.
• [143] Wołkow N.I. (1986): Zakonomiernosti biochimiczeskoj adaptacji w processje sportiwnoj trenirowki. GCOLIFK, Moskwa.
• [144] Wołkow N.I., Karasiow A.W., Hosni M. (1995): Teoria i praktika interwalnoj trenirowki w sportie. WOLORSAD, Moskwa.
• [145] Żołądź J.A., Duda K., Majerczyk J. (1998a): Oxygen uptake does not increase lineary at high power of incremental exercise. Eur. J. of Appl. Physiol., 77: 445–451.
• [146] Żołądź J.A., Rademaker A.C.H.J. & Sargent A.J. (1994), Non-linear increase in oxygen uptake during progressive incremental exercise test in man, J. of Physiol., (London) 479 P, 92 P.
• [147] Żołądź J.A., Rademaker A.C.H.J., Sargent A.J. (1995): Non-linear relationship between 02 uptake and power output at hight intensities of exercise of humans. J. of Physiol., (London) 488: 211–217.
• [148] Żołądź J.A., Szkutnik Z., Majerczyk J., Duda K. (1998c): Detection of the change point in oxygen uptake during an incremental exercise test using the recursive residuals: Relationship to the plasma lactate accumulation and blood acid base balance. Eur. J. of Appl. Physiol., 78: 369–377.