Blood levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in healthy women in their 50s in an urban area of Poland: a pilot study

• Autorzy: Prokopowicz A. , Pawlas N. , Ochota P. , Szula M. , Sobczak A. , Pawlas K.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In 2009 we investigated exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in 80 women aged 50-59 in an urban area of Poland. Blood levels of lead, cadmium, and total mercury were used as biomarkers. The participants completed an extended questionnaire to identify potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, and nutritional correlates for the concentration of metals in the blood. The geometric means in the study population were: 21.5 μg/l (95% CI 20-23) for blood lead, 0.67 μg/l (95% CI 0.56-0.79) for blood cadmium, and 0.75 μg/l (95% CI 0.64- 0.87) for total mercury in the blood. Regression analyses revealed that the increased lead levels in the blood were significantly associated with BMI values under 25 kg/m², being postmenopausal, smoking habits, the use of heating sources other than electricity or centrally heated buildings, and frequent or constant trucks passing through a residential area. The levels of cadmium in the blood were significantly higher in subjects who smoked cigarettes and decreased as education increased. Fish consumption and the number of teeth containing amalgam were the only factors that were significantly associated with blood mercury levels.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

woman; healthy woman; blood; lead level; cadmium level; mercury level; urban area; human exposure; Poland

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: 23
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.167-175,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Prokopowicz A.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Pawlas N.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Ochota P.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Szula M.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Sobczak A.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
• Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Pawlas K.

• Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. VAHTER M., BERGLUND M., AKESSON A., LIDEN C. Metals and women’s health. Environ. Res. 88, 145, 2002.
• 2. ZOLNIERCZUK-KIELISZEK D., KULIK T.B., JAROSZ M.J., STEFANOWICZ A., PACIAN A., PACIAN J., JANISZEWSKA M. Quality of life in peri- and postmenopausal Polish women living in Lublin Province-differences between urban and rural dwellers. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 19, (1), 129, 2012.
• 3. PACYNA E.G., PACYNA J.M., FUDALA J., STRZELECKA- JASTRZAB E., HLAWICZKA S., PANASIUK D., NITTER S., PREGGER T., PFEIFFER H., FRIEDRICH R. Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe. Atm. Environ. 41, 8557, 2007.
• 4. AKESSON A., LUNDH T., VAHTER M., BJELLERUP P., LIDFELDT J., NERBRAND C., SAMSIOE G., STROMBERG U., SKERFVING S. Tubular and Glomerular Kidney Effects in Swedish Women with Low Environmental Cadmium Exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1627, 2005.
• 5. SHIH R.A., HU H., WEISSKOPT M.G., SCHWARTZ B.S. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: a review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 483, 2007.
• 6. NAWROT T.S., THIJS L., DEN HOND E.M., ROELS H.A., STAESSEN J.A. An Epidemiological re-appraisal of the assosiation between blood pressure and blood lead: meta-analysis. J. Hum. Hypertens. 16, 123, 2002.
• 7. SCHAFER J.H., GLASS T.A., BRESSLER J., TODD A.C., SCHWARTZ B.S. Blood lead is a predictor of homocysteine levels in a population-based study of older adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 31, 2005.
• 8. GUALLAR E., SILBERGELD E.K., NAVAS-ACIEN A., MALHOTRA A., ASTOR B.C., SHARRETT A.R., SCHWARTZ B.S. Confunding of the relation between homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease by lead, cadmium, and renal function. Am. J. Epidemiol. 163, 700, 2006.
• 9. VAHTER M., BERGLUND M., AKESSON A. Toxic metals and the menopause. J. Br. Menopause. Soc. 10, (2), 60, 2004.
• 10. JARUP L., AKESSON A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238, 201, 2009.
• 11. AKESSON A., BJELLERUP P., LUNDH T., LIDFELDT J., NERBRAND C., SAMSIOE G., SKERFVING S., VAHTER M. Cadmium-Induced effects on bone in a population-based study of women. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, (6), 830, 2006.
• 12. SCHUTTE R., NAWROT T.S., RICHART T., THIJS L., VANDERSCHUEREN D., KUZNETSOVA T., VAN HECKE E., ROELS H.A., STAESSEN A.A. Bone resorption and environmental exposure to cadmium in women: a population study. Environ. Health Perspect. 116, (6), 777, 2008.
• 13. BYRNE C., DIVECAR S.D., STOCHRAN G.B., PARODI D.A., MARTIN M.B. Cadmium-A metalohormone? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238, 266, 2009.
• 14. LEI J.J., CHEN L., TIN T.Y., NORDBERG M., CHANG X.L. Estimation of benchmark dose for pancreatic damage in cadmium-exposed smelters. Toxicol. Sci. 97, 189, 2007.
• 15. ERIE J.C., GOOD J.A., BUTZ J.A., HODGE D.O., PULIDO J.S. Urinary cadmium and age-raleted macular degeneration. Am. J.Ophthalmol. 144, 414, 2007.
• 16. WHO IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 101. Methylmercury. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1990.
• 17. WHO IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 118. Inorganic Mercury. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1991.
• 18. GOCHFELD M. Cases of mercury exposure, boiavailability, and absorption. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 56, 174, 2003.
• 19. SALONEN J.T., SEPPANEN K., LAKKA T.A., SALONEN R., KAPLAN G.A. Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a population–based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland. Atherosclerosis 148, 265, 2000.
• 20. GOODRICH J.M., WANG Y., GILLESPIE B., WERNER R., FRANZBLAU A., BASU N. Methylmercury and elemental mercury differentially associate with blood pressure among dental professionals. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 216, 195. 2013.
• 21. ILBACK N.G. Effects of methyl mercury exposure on spleen and blood natural killer (NK) cell-activity in the mouse. Toxicology 67, 117, 1991.
• 22. MAGOS L., PERISTIANIS G. C., CLARKSON T. W., BROWN A. PRESTON S., SNOWDEN R. T. Comparative study of the sensitivity of male and female rats to methylmercury. Arch. Toxicol. 48, (11), 11, 1981.
• 23. WHO Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace. Guidelines Volume 1. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1996.
• 24. LINDBERG A., BJORNBERG K.A., VAHTER M., BERGLUND M. Exposure to methylmercury in non-fisheating people in Sweden. Environ. Res. 96, 28, 2004.
• 25. STOEPPLER M., BRANDT K. Contribution to automated trace analysis. Part V. Determination of cadmium in whole blood and urine by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 300, 372, 1980.
• 26. STOEPPLER M., BRANDT K., RAINS T.C. Contribution to automated trace analysis. Part II. Rapid method for the automated determination of lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst 103, 714, 1978.
• 27. GONZALES-ESTECHA M., TRASOBARES E., FUENTES M., MARTINEZ M.J., CANO S., VERGARA N., GASPAR M.J., GONZALEZ-REVALDERIA J., BARCIELA M.C., BUGARIN Z., FERNANDEZ M.D., BADIA P., PINTOS C., GONZALEZ M., GUILLEN J.J., BERMEJO P., FERNANDEZ C., ARROYO M. Blood lead and cadmium levels in a six hospital employee population. PESA study, 2009. J. Trace Elements Med. Biol. 25, S22, 2011.
• 28. MCKELEY W., GWYNN R.C., JEFFERY N., KASS D., THORPE L.E., GARG R.K., PALMER C.D., PARSONS P.J. A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium and mercury in the blood of New York city adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1435, 2007.
• 29. SMOLDERS R., ALIMONTI A., CERNA M., DEN HOND E., KRISTIANSEN J., PALKOVICOVA L., RANFT U., SELDEN A.I., TELIŠMAN S., SCHOETERS G. Availability and comparability of human biomonitoring data across Europe: A case-study on blood-lead levels. Sci. Tot. Environ. 408, 1437, 2010.
• 30. FALQ G., ZEGHNOUN A., PASCAL M., VERNAY M., STRAT Y.L., GARNIER R., OLICHON D., BRETIN P., CASTETBON K., FRERY N. Blood lead levels in the adult population living in France the French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS 2006-2007). Environ. Int. 37, 565, 2011.
• 31. PAWLAS N., STRÖMBERG U., CARLBERG B., CERNA M., CHUNYING C., HARARI F., HARARI R., HORVAT M., HRUBA F., KOPPOVA K., KRSKOVA A., KRSNIK M., LI Y.F., LÖFMARK L., LUNDH T., LUNDSTRÖM N.G., LYOUSSI B., MARKIEWICZ-GORKA I., MAZEJ D., OSREDKAR J., PAWLAS K., RENTSCHLER G., SPEVACKOVA V., SPIRIC Z., SUNDKVIST A., TRATNIK J.S., VADLA D., ZIZI S., SKERFVING S., BERGDAHL I.A. Cadmium, mercury and lead in blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 26, (58), 2013. Doi 10.2478/S13382-013-0071-9
• 32. JAKUBOWSKI M. Biological levels of cadmium in the population in Poland. Med. Pr. 46, 83, 1995 [In Polish].
• 33. BARREGARD L. Exposure to mercury in the general population of Europe and the arctic circle. chap 4. In: N. Pirrone, K. Mahaffey, (Ed.) Dynamics of mercury pollution on regional and global scales: atmospheric processes and human exposures around the world; MA7 Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, pp. 385-404, 2004.
• 34. BJORNBERG K.A., VAHTE M., PETERSSON-GRAWE K., BERGLUND M. Methyl mercury exposure in Swedish women with high fish consumption. Sci. Total Environ. 341, 45, 2005.
• 35. SIROT V., GUERIN T., MAURAS Y., GARRAUD H., VOLATIER J., LEBLANC J. Methylmercury exposure assessment using dietary and biomarker data among frequent seafood consumers in France CALIPSO study. Environ. Res. 107, 30, 2008.
• 36. JEDRYCHOWSKI W., JANKOWSKI J., FLAK E., SKARUPA A., MROZ E., SOCHACKA-TATARA E., LISOWSKA-MISZCZYK I., SZPANOWSKA-WOHN A., RAUH V., SKOLICKI Z., KAIM I., PERERA F. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Mercury on Cognitive and Psychomotor Function in One-Year-Old Infants: Epidemiologic Cohort Study in Poland. Ann. Epidemiol. 16, 439, 2006.
• 37. HRUBA F., STROMBERG U., CERNA M., CHEN C., HARARI F., HARARI R., HORVAT M., KOPPOVA K., KOS A., KRSKOVA A., KRSNIK M., LAAMECH J., LI YF., LOFMARK L., LUNDH T., LUNDSTROM N-G., LYOUSSI B., MEZEJ D., OSREDKAR J., PAWLAS K., PAWLAS N., PROKOPOWICZ A., RENTSCHLER G., SPEVACKOWA V., SPIRIC Z., TRATNIK J., SKERFVING S., BERGDAHL IA. Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead in children: An international comparison of cities in six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco. Environ. Int. 41, 29, 2012.
• 38. GALAZYN-SIDORCZUK M., BRZOSKA M.M.,MONIUSZKO-JAKONIUK J. Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking. Environ. Monit. Assess. 137, 481, 2008.
• 39. WEYERMANN M., BRENNER H. Factors affecting bone demineralization and blood lead levels of postmenopausal women – a population-based study from Germany. Environ. Res. 76, 19, 1998.
• 40. BERCOWITZ G.S., WOLFF M.S., LAPINSKI R.H., TODD A.C. Prospective study of blood and tibia lead in women undergoing surgical menopause. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 1673, 2004.
• 41. RIGGS B.L., MELTON L.J. Involutional osteoporosis III. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 1676, 1986.
• 42. AL-SALEH I., SHINWARI N., MASHHOUR A., MOHAMED G.E., MOHAMMAD A.G., SHAMMASI Z., AL-NASSER A. Is lead considered as a risk factor for high blood pressure during menopause period among Saudi women? Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 208, 341, 2005.
• 43. EDWARD P.J. Osteotoxicology: the role of lead in bone diseases. Curr. Opin. Orthop. 11, 360, 2000.
• 44. LUKANOVA A., LUNDIN E., ZELENIUCHJACQUOTTE A., MUTI P., MURE A., RINALDI S., DOSSUS L., MICHELI A., ARSLAN A., LENNER P., SHORE R.E., KROGH V., KOENIG K.L., RIBOLI E., BERRINO F., HALLMANS G., STATTIN P., TONIOLO P., KAAKS R. Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 150, 161, 2004.
• 45. GATS Global Adult Tobacco Survey Cancer Center Institute of Oncology, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Warsaw, Poland. http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_gats_poland_report_2010.pdf. Accessed 15 April 2011. 46. KALES S.N., GOLDMAN R.H. Mercury Exposure: Current Concepts, Controversies, and Clinic’s Experience. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44, 143, 2002.
• 47. BERGLUND M., LIND B., BJOMBERG K.A., PALM B., EINARSSON O., VAHTER M. Inter-individual variations of human mercury exposure biomarkers: a cross-sectional assessment. Environ. Health Global Access Sci. Source, 4, (20), 2005. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-20.
• 48. POLAK-JUSZCZYK L. Chemical Characteristics of Fishes New to the Polish Market. Acta Sci. Pol., Piscaria, 6, (2), 23, 2007.
• 49. POLAK-JUSZCZYK L. Mercury in fish and fish products: Evaluation of risk to consumer health. In: L. Falkowska (Ed.) Mercury in Environment. Hazard Identification for Human Health; Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego: Gdańsk, pp. 219-224, 2010 [In Polish].