Phthalates - widespread occurrence and the effect on male gametes. Part 1. General characteristics, sources and human exposure

• Autorzy: Dobrzynska M.M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Phthalates are widely present in human environment. Widespead exposure to those agents, which are compounds of numerous daily use products, is unavoidable. In the current paper following phthalates benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), din- butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) are described. Phthalates mainly enter to the composition of plastic goods, like boxes and containers for storage of foods, toys, medical devices, and also cosmetics, personal care products, as well as paints, vanishes, printing inks. This paper describes the occurence of individual phthalates in the environment (water, air) and in different products. During production, transportation, manufacturing of goods and improper disposal, phthalates released into soil, water and air. For example indoor air included 13 mg/m3 phthalates, where 72 % of all constitutes DEP (2.29 mg/m3), BBP (3.97 mg/m3) and DEHP (2.43 mg/m3). Exposure to phthalates take place mainly by ingestion or inhalation air or through the skin. Presence of phthalates were observed in numerous food products and is connected with migration of those compounds from food storage containers to preserved food. They could mirgate to salivia during sucking and chewing of toys and this way increased exposure to of children. The results of studies regarding to concentration of phthalates in human tissues and excretions are also described. The level of phthalates were measured in numerous of human biological samples. For example, DEHP, DEP and DBP were detected at levels of 5.71 mg/L in blood serum, of 0.30 mg/L in semen and of 0.72 mg/kg in fat samples.

PL

Ftalany są szeroko rozpowszechnione w środowisku człowieka. Powszechne narażenie na te związki, które wchodzą w skład wielu produktów codziennego użytku jest nieuniknione. W niniejszej pracy opisano ftalany butylobenzylu (BBP), dibutylu (DBP) i dietyloheksylu (DEHP), dietlylu (DEP) oraz diizononylu (DINP). Ftalany przede wszytkim wchodzą w skład wyrobów plastikowych, takich jak pojemników do przechowywania żywności, zabawek, wyrobów medycznych oraz kosmetyków środków higieny osobistej, a także farb, lakierów, tuszów drukarskich. W niniejszej pracy opisano występowanie poszczególnych ftalanów w w środowisku (np. w wodzie, powierzu) oraz w różnych produktach. Podczas produkcji, transportu, wyrobu produktów oraz niewłaściwej utylizacji, ftalany przenikają do gleby, wody i powietrza. Na przykład, w powietrzu w pomieszczeniach stwierdzono 13 mg/m3 ftalanów, z których 72% of stanowiły DEP (2,29 mg/m3), BBP (3,97 mg/m3) i DEHP (2,43 mg/m3). Narażenie na ftalany nastepuje głównie drogą pokarmową, inhalacyjną oraz poprzez skórę. Obecność ftalanów stwierdzono w wielu produktach żywnościowych, co jest związane z migracją tych związków z opakowań do przechowywanej w nich żywności. Mogą migrować do śliny podczas ssania i żucia zabawek i w ten sposób powodują zwiększone narażenie niemowląt i małych dzieci. Omówiono także wyniki badań dotyczących stężenia ftalanów w tkankach i wydalinach ludzkich. Stężenie ftalanow mierzone było w różnych thankach ludzkich. Przykładowo, obecność DEHP, DEP i DBP stwierdzono w surowicy krwi (5,71 mg/l), w nasieniu (0,30 mg/l) oraz w tłuszczu (0,72 mg/kg).

Słowa kluczowe

EN

phthalate; occurrence; male; germ cell; human tissue; concentration; excretion; phthalate source; human exposure

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: 67
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.97-103,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Dobrzynska M.M.

• Department of Radiation Hygiene and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Street, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Abb M., Heinrich T., Sorkau E., Lorenz W.: Phthalates in house dust. Environ Int 2009;35(6):965-970.
• 2. Adibi J.J., Perera F.P., Jedrychowski W., Camann D.E., Barr D., Jacek R., Whyatt R.M.: Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1719–1722.
• 3. Api A.M.: Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalatea vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2001;39(2)97-108.
• 4. ATSDR. Toxicological profile for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, United States Public Health Service, Atlanta GA 2002.
• 5. ATSDR. Toxicological profile for diethyl phthalate. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, United States Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. US, 1995.
• 6. Axelsson J., Rylander L., Rignell-Hydbom A., Jőnsson B.A.G., Lindh C.H., Giwercman A.: Phthalate exposure and reproductive parameters in young men from the general Swedish population. Environ Int 2015;85:8554- 8560.
• 7. Babich M.A., Chen S.B., Greene M.A., Kiss C.T., Porter W.K., Smith T.P., Wind M.L., Zemula W.W.: Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from children’s products. Regul Toxicol Phramacol 2004;40(2):151-167.
• 8. Blount B.C., Silva M.J., Caudill S.P., Needham L.L., Pirkle J.L., Sampson E.J., Lucier G.W., Jackson R.J., Brock J.W.: Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(10):979-982.
• 9. CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Atlanta, GA, 2001.
• 10. Chen J.A., Liu H., Shu W.: Analysis of di-n-butyl phthalate and other organic pollutanta in Chongqing women undergoing parturition. Environ Pollut 2008;156(3):849-853.
• 11. CIRC. Cosmetic Ingradient Review Committee. Final report on the safety assessment of dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate. J Am Coll Toxicol 1985;4267-303.
• 12. De Moura S.M., Carrara D.M., Morita, Gimenez-Boscov M.E.: Biodegradation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a typical tropical soil. J. Hazard. Mater 2011;197:40-48.
• 13. Diethyl phthalate. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 52. World Health Organization Geneva, 2003.
• 14. Diisononyl phthalate (DINP). FactSheet National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (http://www.nicnas.gov.au).
• 15. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Factsheet ondi(2-ethyl)phthalate (DEHP). Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water,Washington DC, 1998.
• 16. European Chemicals Bureau, Risk Assessment Report on 1,2 Benzedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-11 bracnched alkyl esters, C9-rich, and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP). Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Union, 2003.
• 17. Faouzi A.., Dine T., Gressier B., Kambia K., Luyckx M., Pagniez D., Brunet C., Cazin M., Belabed A., Cazin J.C.: Exposure of hemodialysis patients to di-2- ethylhexyl phthalate. Int J Pharm 1999;180(1):113-121.
• 18. FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study; summary of residues found ordered by pesticide market baskets 91-3-99- 1. Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages. Rockville, MD, 2001.
• 19. Frederiksen H., Aksglaede L., Soerensen K., Skakkebaek N.E., Juul A., Andersson A.M.: Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites in 129 healthy Danish children and adolescents:estimation of daily phthalate intake. Environ Res 2011;111(5):656-663.
• 20. Fromme H., Lahrz T., Piloty M., Gebhart H., Oddoy A, Rüden H.: Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in idoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany). Indoor Air 2004;14:188-195.
• 21. Fromme H., Gruber L., Seckin E., Raab U., Zimmermann S., Kiranoglu M., Schlummer M., Schweiger U., Smolic S., Vőkei W., HBMnet: Phthalates and their metabolites in breast milk – results from the Bavarian monitoring of breast milk (BAMBI). Environ Int 2011;37(4):715-722.
• 22. Ghorpade N., Mehta V., Khare M.: Toxicity study of diethyl phthalate on freshwater fish Cirrhina mrigala. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 2002;53(2):255-258.
• 23. Gibson T.P., Briggs W.A., Boone B.J.: Delivery of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate to patients during hemodialysis. J Lab Clin Med 1976;87(3):519-524.
• 24. Greenpeace. Perfume - An investigation of chemicals in 36 eaux de toilette and eaux de parfum. Greenpeace International. 2005. Available at http://www. greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/ perfume-an-investigation-of/
• 25. Hauser R., Calafat A.M.: Phthalates and human health. Occupat Environ Med 2005;62:806-818.
• 26. Hauser R., Meeke J.D., Park S., Silva M.J., Calafat A.M.: Temporal variability of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in men of reproductive age. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1734-1740.
• 27. Health Canada, Risk assessment on diisononyl phthalate in vinyl children’s product. Consumer products safety Bureau, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1998.
• 28. Heudorf U., Mersch-Sudermann V., Angerer J.: PhthalatesToxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210(5):623-634.
• 29. Huang P-.C., Tien C-.J., Sun Y.-M., Hsieh C.-Y., Lee C.-C.: Occurrence of phthalates in sediment and biotarelationship to aquatic factors and the biota sediment accumulation factor. Chemosphere 2008;73:539-544.
• 30. Kamrin M.A.: Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation and public healthA review. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 2009;12:157-174.
• 31. Kamrin M.A., Mayor G.H.: Diethyl phthalate — a perspective. J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31(5):484-489.
• 32. Kavlock R., Boekelheide K., Chapin R., Cunningham M., Faustman E., Foster P., Golub M., Henderson R., Irwin Hinberg I., Little R., Seed J., Shea K., Tabacova S., Tyl R., Williams P., Zacharewski T.: NTP Center for Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproductionphthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 2002;16:489-527.
• 33. Kavlock R., Barr D., Boekelheide K.,Breslin W., Breysse P., Chapin R. Gaido K., Hodgson E., Marcus M., Shea K., Williams P.: NTP-CERHR expert panel updateon the reproductive and developmental toxicity on di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol 2006;22:291-399.
• 34. Kelley K.E., Hernández-Díaz S., Chaplin E.L., Hauser R., Mitchell A.A.: Identification of phthalates in medications and dietary supplement formulations in the United States and Canada. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(3):379-84.
• 35. Kim Y-H., Lee J., Moon S.-H.: Degradation of an endocrine disrupting chemical, DEHP [di-(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate] by Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. pisi cutinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;63:75- 80.
• 36. Koniecki D., Wang R., Moody R.P., Zhu J.: Phthalate in cosmetic amd personal care productsConcentrations and possible dermal exposure. Environ Res 2011;111:329-336.
• 37. Koo H.J., Lee B.M.: Estimated exposure to phthalates in cosmetics and risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2004;67:1901-1914.
• 38. Lin L., Zheng L.X., Gu Y.P., Wang J.Y., Zhang Y.H., Song W.M.: Levels of environmental endocrine disruptors in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood of low-birth-weight infants. Zhonghua Yu Fang Ti Xue Za Zhi. 2008;42(3):177-180.
• 39. Lin S., Ku H.-S., Su P.-H., Chen J.-W., Huang P.-C., Angerer J., Wang S.-L.: Phthalate exposure in pregnant women and their children in central Taiwan. Chemosphere 2011;82:947-955.
• 40. Manojkumar V., Deepadevi K.V., Arun P., Nair K.G., Lakshmi L.R., Kurup P.A.: Changes in the composition of erythrocyte membrane during storage of blood in di- (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate [DEHP] plasticized poly vinyl chloride (PVC) blood storage bags. Indian J Med Res 1999;109:157-163.
• 41. Mao W., Liu S., Zhang L., Song Y., Zhou P., Yong L., Sui H.: Dietary intake and risk assessment of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in Chinese population. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2015;44(5):822-826.
• 42. Nagorka R., Conrad A., Scheller C., Süssenbach B., Moriske H. J.: Weichmacher und Flammschutzmittel im Hausstaub – Teil 1Phthalate. Gefahrstoffe- Reinhaltung der Luft, 2010;70(3):70-76.
• 43. Nakamiya K., Hashimoto S., Ito H., Edmonds J.S., Yasuhara A., Morita M.: Microbial treatment of bis(2- ethylhexylo phthalate in polyvinyl chloride with isolated bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 2005;99:115-119.
• 44. NTP-CERHR. Monograph on the potential human reproductive abd developmental effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). NIH Publ. No 03-4486, 2003.
• 45. Page B.D., Lacroix GM.: The occurrence of phthalate ester and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate plasticizers in Canadian packaging and food sampled in 1985–1989a survey. Food Addit Contam 1995;12(1):129-151.
• 46. Parks L.G., Ostby J.S., Lambright C.R., Abbott B.D., Klinefelter G.R., Barlow N.J. Gray E.: The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induced malformations be decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci 2000;58:339- 349.
• 47. Pie X.Q., Song M., Guo M., Mo F.F., Shen X.Y.: Concentration and risk assessment of phthalates present in indoor air from newly decorated apartments. Atmos. Environ 2013;68:17-23
• 48. Pollack G.M., Buchanan J.F., Slaughter R.L., Kohli R.K., Shen DD.: Circulating concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its de-esterified phthalic-acid products following plasticizer exposure in patientsreceiving hemodialysis.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985;79:257-267.
• 49. RAR. Risk Assessment Report (2004) Benzyl butyl phthalate, Draft March. http://ecb.jrc.it/
• 50. Roy J.R., Chakraborty S., Chakraborty T.R.: Estrogenlike endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting puberty in humans – a review. Med Sci Monit 2009;15 (6):RA137-145.
• 51. Sharman M., Read W.A., Castle L., Gilbert J.: Levels of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese. Food Addit Contam 1994;11:375-85.
• 52. Shea K.M. and Committee on Environmental Health: Pediatric exposure and potential toxicity of phthalate plasticizers. Pediatrics 2005;111:1467-74.
• 53. Shields H.C., Weschler C.J.: Analysis of ambient concentrationsof organic vapors with a passive sampler. J Air Pollut Control Associat 1987;37(9):1039-1045.
• 54. Sjőberg P., Lindquist N.G., Montin G., Ploen L.: Effects of repeated intravenous infusions of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in young male rats. Arch Toxicol 1985;58:78-83.
• 55. Struciński P., Goralczyk K., Ludwicki J.K., Czaja K., Hernik A., Korcz W.: Poziomy wybranych insektycydów, polichlorowanych bifenyli, ftalanów i perfluorowanych związków alifatycznych we krwi – badanie WWF Polska. [Levels of selected organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalates and perfluorinated aliphatic substances in blood – Polish WWF study]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2006;57(2):99-112 (in Polish) PMID17044303; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17044303].
• 56. Tickner J., Hunt P., Rossi M., Haiama N., Lappe M.: The use of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in PVC medical devicesexposure, toxicity, and alternatives. The report of Lowell Center for Sustainable Production University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1999.
• 57. Tsumura Y., Ischimitsu S., Kaihara A., Yoshi K., Tonogai Y.: Phthalates, adipates, citrarate and some of the other plasticizers detected in Japanese retail foodsa survey. J Health Sci 2002;48(6):493-502.
• 58. Wahl H.G., Hoffmann A., Häring H.U., Liebich H.M.: Identification of plasticizers in medical products by a combined direct thermodesorption-cooled injection system and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1999;847:1–7.
• 59. Wan H.T., Leung P.Y., Zhao Y.G., Wei X., Wong M.H., Wong C.K.C.: Blood plasma concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Hong Kong populations. J Hazard Mat 2013;261:763-69.
• 60. Wittassek M., Angerer J.: Phthalates metabolism and exposure. Int J Androl 2008;3:1131-1138.
• 61. Wittassek M., Wiesmüller G.A., Koch H.M., Eckard R., Dobler R., Müller J., Angerer J., Schlüter C.: Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades – a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007;210:319-333.
• 62. Wypych G.: Handbook of plasticizers. ChemTech Publishing, Ontario, Canada, 2004.
• 63. Zhang Y.H., Chen B.H., Zheng L.X., Wu X.Y.: Study on the level of phthalate in human biological samples. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xe Za Zhi 2003;37(6):429-34.
• 64. Zolfaghari M., Drogui P., Seyhi B., Brar S.K., Bueina G., Dube R.: Occurrence fate and effects of di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate in wastewater treatment plantsA review. Environ Pollut 2014;194:281-292.