On the origin and diffusion of European ball games. A linguistic analysis

• Autorzy: Gillmeister H.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Słowa kluczowe

EN

diffusion; football game; linguistic analysis; historical linguistics; terminology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: 16
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.37-46,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Gillmeister H.

Bibliografia

• [1] Cf. John Arlott, ed., The Oxford Companion to Sports & Games, London: Oxford University Press 1975, p. 801, s.v. Puskas: "[...] captain in the great years of the 1950's, during which his country became the first non-British national team to beat England in England, [...]."
• [2] Cf. J.K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology [Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics], 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998, p. 16 f.
• [3] Cf. W. Braune and W. Mitzka, Althochdeutsche Grammatik, 10th edition, Tübingen 1961, p. 50, § 51.
• [4] Cf. Chambers and Trudgill, p. 167 f.
• [5] Derivations in Romance languages are mostly based on the Latin accusative form.
• [6] Cf. the author's Second Service. Kleine Geschichte der englischen Sprache, Sankt Augustin: Asgard 2002, p. 3.
• [7] In the world of games, a non-linguistic feature transferred from the tournament is the retention of a wooden enclosure and the custom of writing challenge letters in pärkspel played on the island of Gotland, cf. the present writer's Tennis. A Cultural History, London: Leicester University Press 1998, p. 93 f., and "Challenge Letters from a Medieval Tournament and the Traditional Ball-Game of Got¬land. A Typological Comparison", in Stadion, Vol. 16 (1990), pp. 184-222.
• [8] It is the valiant Sir Gawain who takes up this rather unusual challenge.
• [9] Cf. R.A. Waldron, ed., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, London: Edward Arnold Publishers 1970, p. 43, line 296.
• [10] Cf. the Oxford English Dictionary, S.V. Barley, Int., I. and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of School-children, Oxford, 1959, pp. 146-149, and G.L. Brook, Varieties of English, London: 1973, p. 52: "[. ] words used by children who wish to gain a respite in a game. This is usually accompanied by a gesture of crossing the fingers. They include kings, cree, [.] parleys [...]."
• [11] Cf. the author's study The Language of English Sport Medieval and Modern, in Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen, Vol. 233 (1996), pp. 269-271.
• [12] „O homo sine patrem, bonum non habebis", lite- rally,oh man without a father, you will have nothing good'.
• [13] The forms soule/choule suggest that the form under¬lying them featured the sequence /ke/, cf. the author's Second Service, p. 45 f. He has suggested popular Latin cepulla (a diminutive of cepa, 'onion'), a slang word for 'ball'; Latin /p/ disappears in Old French before /u/, compare lupum, 'wolf', > lou[p].
• [14] On the whole issue, see the present writer's Vom Burgtor zum Fußballtor. Gedanken zum Ursprung des Spiels mit dem runden Leder", in Uwe Baumann und Dittmar Dahlmann, eds., Kopfball, Einwurf, Nach-spielzeit. Gespräche und Beiträge zur Aktualität und Geschichte des Fußballspiels, Essen: Klartext Verlag 2008, p. 17-19, and Hugh Hornby, Uppies and Downies. The extraordinary football games of Britain, English Heritage 2008.
• [15] On the importance of this variety for the evolution of modern soccer see the present writer's "Vom Burgtor zum Fußballtor", p. 18 f.
• [16] Cf. Norbert Elias, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation, 17th ed., Berne: Verlag Francke AG 1969, rpt. Edition Suhrkamp 1992, Vol. I, pp. 260-301 (on the "reduction of aggressiveness").
• [17] For a more recent contribution of the present writer on the history of jeu de la paume see "Der Topspin taugte nichts im alten Jeu de la Paume: das Tennisspiel in drei Jahrhunderten (1500-1800)", and "Das Jeu de la Paume", in Rebekka von Mallinc-krodt, ed., Bewegtes Leben. Körpertechniken in der Frühen Neuzeit [Exhibition Catalogue Herzog August Bibliothek No 89], Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek 2008, pp. 205-229 and 352-365.
• [18] The Saterlandic and Gotlandic terms corresponding to Old French pare are pork and pärk respectively.
• [19] Cache was also adopted into Flemish whence the Scottish term for the jeu de la paume, eaieh.
• [20] Cf. Hans Rheinfelder, Altfranzösische Grammatik, Part I, Phonology, 4th ed., Munich: Max Hueber Verlag 164, § 398.
• [21] Cf. Hugo Angel Jaramillo, El Deporte Indigena de America (Desde antes de la conquista), Pereira: Universidad Tecnológica 1977, p. 79: "Se dice señalar una chaza, el acto de indicar con una pedrezuela [...] el sitio donde fue atajada la pelota por el bando de abajo." Roger Morgan, "The Tuscan Game of Palla. A Descendant of the Medieval Game of Tennis", in Stadion, Vol. XI (1985), pp. 176-192, especially p. 186 f. For an explanation of the chase rule in the jeu de la paume see now the present writer's "Der Topspin taugte nichts im alten Jeu de la Paume", pp. 213-215.
• [22] Cf. John Eddowes, The Language of Cricket, Manchester: Carcanet Press 1997, pp. 2 and 4 f.
• [23] For an instance of an undoubtedly French children's game le criquet at the beginning of the 19th century see the present writer's Tennis. A Cultural History, p. 13 f.
• [24] Cf. the present writer's "A Tee for Two: On the Origins of Golf", in Homo Ludens. Internationale Beiträge des Instituts für Spielforschung und Spielpädagogik an der Hochschule 'Mozarteum' Salzburg [Ball- und Kugelspiele 6 (1996), pp. 17-37; "The Language of English Sports Medieval and Modern", in Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen, Vol. 233 (1996), pp. 268-285; "Golf on the Rhine. On the Origins of Golf, with Sidelights on Polo", (in:) The Internationals Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 2002), pp. 1-30; and, more recently, 100 Jahre Golf in Deutschland. Vol. 1 Gründerzeiten bis 1924 [Contributions by Christoph Meister and Dietrich R. Quanz], Munich: Alb recht Golf Verlag GmbH 2007; "Die Schotten und das Golfspiel, oder: You Can't Teach an Old Dog New Tricks", in Golf - Facetten einer Leidenschaft [1st Drossapharm Golf Symposium 2008, papers and exhibition catalogue, Basle/Arlesheim: Drossapharm AG 2008, pp. 8-15 and 14-21.
• [25] This is the Tyrocinium latinae linguae by Pieter van Afferden (1542). The term here employed for the hole is cuil. The present writer's contention that Modern English putt is derived from Dutch putten (from put, 'hole'), 'to put into a hole', is confirmed by the terminology of the Dutch children's games of marbles where the target is a hole in the ground. These either use cuil or the diminutive putje, 'little hole', cf. J. Heinsius, ed., Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, Vol. 8, s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff 1916, p. 503, and A. Beets, Woordenboek der Neder-landsche Taal, vol. 7, 1, s-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff 1926, p. 2538b.
• [26] Cf. above all the present writer's "Golf on the Rhine".