Nowa faza rozwoju modeli matematycznych w planowaniu przestrzennym [poglady anglosaskie]

• Autorzy: Dembowska Z
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Historia powstania i rozwoju modeli matematycznych w planowaniu przestrzennym w latach 1960-1975. Podstawy teoretyczne i ocena ich przydatności. Rozwój, teorii, doskonalenie komputerów i sporządzenie Geograficznego Systemu Informatycznego jako impulsy powstania nowej fali modeli. Ocena 12 modeli operacyjnych obecnie stosowanych w USA i Wielkiej Brytanii. Rola modeli matematycznych w procesie opracowywania planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego.

EN

In the years 1960-1975 there were created in the USA and Great Britain many Large-Scale urban models. The first models concerned the system of functionning of transportation. They arose together with a possibility of computers' application. Their design was based on various theories applied, for the most part, to other fields of science, like philosophy, economy, etc. As to the kind of technique, the linear programming was used, as well as the other ones applied to operational research. These models were dealt with by Z. Dembowska (1978). In the second half of the seventies, after a critical opinion on the usefulness of the models of Large-Scale, i.e. those which had to simulate the full urban system (Lee 1973), the interest in building these models decreased. This was also connected with abandonment in the physical planning of aspirations to realize social aims and to ensure a multi-directional coordination in these countries. Critical attitude towards the Large-Scale models was a result of their unfitness to the reality which, in turn, was caused by an unsufficient theory, by lack of proper information and inefficiency of the computers of the first generation. So was the critical situation twenty years ago. In the next years, studies have been performed and new theories of the town development created and introduced to the practice of the Geographical Information System (GIS). That period is distinguished by an extremely rapid development of computers. Many difficulties arising in the seventies have been eliminated. In all the world many research centres have been created for design of Large-Scale models to be applied to the physical planning. It has been determined which characteristics should have the models to be useful in practice. D.B. Lee (1994) and B. Harris (1994) have proved that the models cannot have, in case of Large-Scale, an optimalization character. They proposed some principles for proceedings to ensure their proper application. From a set of operational Large-Scale models built in the world (Fig. 1), M. Wegener (1994) selected 12 and, on their examples, performed an analysis of their utility to the physical planning (Table 1). As the criteria for appraisal, he adopted the characteristics of the overall structure (as an unified entity or composed of loosely coupled submodels), the theory as basis and a modelled policy. A basis for the analysis was the overall structure of the town presented on Fig. 2. As to the general appraisal, M. Wegener (1994) is of the opinion that the range of the problems in the models is yet too small to characterize these metropolitan areas. When building Large-Scale models, particular attention should be paid to the ecological problems. Summarizing, the opinions have been presented on the possibilities of further development of Large-Scale models in the physical planning. On Fig. 3, relations have been presented - after D.B. Lee (1994) - in differences among strategical, tactical and implementation planning; these differences consistin the time of decision making and in the contents of details. According to his opinion, it is yet not clear to which kind of planning do belong the Large-Scale models; they have not even a determined degree of contents of details. A different opinion is represented by B. Harris who shows a great utility of these models to the comprehension of the structure of the urban system, pointing out that a fragmentary recognition of particular elements of this structure does not allow as yet a proper physical planning.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Geograficzny System Informatyczny; planowanie przestrzenne; modele matematyczne; zagospodarowanie przestrzenne; systemy komputerowe

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Człowiek i Środowisko
• Rocznik: 1994
• Tom: 18
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: s.417-434,rys.,tab.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Dembowska Z

• Instytut Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Komunalnej, 02-078 Warszawa, ul. Krzywickiego 9

Bibliografia

• Batty M. 1991 New technology and planning. Reflections on rapid chage and the culture of planning in the post industrial age. - Town Planning Reviev t. 62 nr 3
• Batty M. 1992 Urban modelling in computer-graphic and Graphic Information System environments. - Environment and Planning 1.19
• Batty M. 1994 A chronicle of scientific planning. The anglo-american modeling experiance. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1
• Boyce D.E. 1990 Network equilibrium models of urban Location and travel choicees. W: New Frontiers in Regional Science. London
• Cook S.A. 1971 The complexity of teorem proving procedures. W: Proceeding of the 3 rd ACM Symposium of the theory of computing. New York: Association for computing machinery
• Couclelis H. 1991 Geographicaly informed planning. - Papers in Regional Science t. 70 (9-20)
• Dembowska Z. 1978 Planowanie Przestrzenne w ujęciu systemowym. Instytut Kształtowania Środowiska. Warszawa: PWN
• Dueker KA. 1987 Geographic Information Systems and computer aided mapping. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 53 nr 3
• Harris B. 1985 Urban Simulation models in regional science. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 25 nr 4
• Harris B. 1989 Beyond Geographic Information System. Computers and planning professional. -Journal of the American Planning Association t. 55 nr 1
• Harris B. 1994 The real essues concerning Lee's „Requiem". - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1
• Klosterman R.E. 1994 An introduction to the literature on Large-Scale Urban Models. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1
• Klosterman R.E. 1994a Large-Scale Urban models. Twenty Years later. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1
• Lee D.B. 1973 Requiem for large-scale urban models. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 39 nr 3
• Lee D.B. 1994 Retrospective on Large-Scale Urban Models (LSUM) - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1
• Marble D.F., Amundsen S.E. 1988 Microcomputer based Geographic Information System and their role in urban and regional planning. - Environment and Planning t. 15 (305-324)
• Wegener M. 1994 Operational urban models. Stete of the Art. - Journal of the American Planning Association t. 60 nr 1