Predatory scars in the shells of a recent lingulid brachiopod: Paleontological and ecological implications

• Autorzy: Kowalewski M , Flessa K W , Marcot J D

Warianty tytułu

PL

Blizny drapieznicze w muszlach wspolczesnego ramienionoga lingulidowego Glottidia palmeri i ich znaczenie paleontologiczne i ekologiczne

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The paper presents the detailed quantitative study of predatory scars in the shells of an inarticulate brachiopod: the lingulid Glottidia palmeri Dall, 1870. The scars include four morphological types: u-shaped, pocket, crack, and miscellaneous scars. They concentrate and open up toward the anterior shell edge. They commonly consist of a pair of scars on the opposite valves. The analysis of 820 specimens live-collected from two intertidal localities in the northern Gulf of California indicates that (1) 23.4% specimens bear repair scars; (2) the scars vary in size from 1.5 to 24 mm² (mean = 2.5 mm²) and all scar types have similar size-frequency distributions; (3) the spatial distribution of scars on the shell is non-random; (4) the anterior-posterior distribution of scars is strongly multimodal and suggests seasonal predation in the late fall and winter months; and (5) the frequency of scarred specimens increases with brachiopod size and differs between the two sampled localities, but does not vary among brachiopod patches from the same locality. The repair scars record unsuccessful attacks by epifaunal intertidal predators with a scissors-type weapon (birds or crabs). The high frequency of attacks, seasonal winter predation, and previous ecological research suggest that scars were made by wintering shorebirds (willets or/and curlews). However, crabs cannot be entirely excluded as a possible predator. Because repair scars represent unsuccessful predation, many of the quantitative interpretations are ambiguous. Nevertheless, the study suggests the existence of strong seasonal interactions between inarticulate brachiopods and their predators. Because shorebirds, crabs, and lingulids may have co-existed in intertidal ecosystems since the late Mesozoic, predatory scars in lingulid shells may have potentially a 100 million year long fossil record.

PL

Szczegółowa analiza ilościowa blizn drapieżniczych w muszli ramienionoga bezzawiasowego z grupy lingulidów oparta jest na 820 okazach Glottidia palmeri Dall, 1870. Okazy zebrano z dwóch stanowisk z równi międzypływowych północnowschodniej Zatoki Kalifornijskiej w Meksyku. Blizny drapieżnicze występują w 23.4% osobników. Można je podzielić na cztery kategorie: blizny u-kształtne, kieszeniowe, spękaniowe oraz pozostałe. Niezależnie od ich morfologii, blizny koncentrują się przy przedniej krawędzi muszli. Większość blizn zorientowana jest rozwartą stroną w kierunku przedniej krawędzi muszli i wiele z nich składa się z dwóch blizn zlokalizowanych naprzeciwlegle na brzusznej i grzbietowej skorupce ramienionoga. Analiza ilościowa wskazuje, że (1) blizny wahają się w wielkości do 1,5 do 24 mm² (średnia = 2,5 mm²) i wszystkie cztery kategorie blizn mają podobne rozkłady wielkości; (2) rozmieszczenie blizn na powierzchni muszli nie jest losowe, podczas gdy ich rozkład grzbieto-brzuszny wydaje się być losowy; (3) proporcja zagojonych blizn wzrasta w kierunku tylnej części muszli; (4) rozkład blizn jest uderzająco multimodalny i sugeruje sezonalne drapieżnictwo skoncentrowane późną jesienią i zimą; (5) częstość blizn wzrasta wraz z wielkością ramienionoga; i (6) częstość okazów z bliznami waha się znacząco pomiędzy dwoma badanymi stanowiskami, jak również w obrębie stanowiska 1 w czasie, ale nie waha się znacząco pomiędzy różnymi miejscami opróbowania w obrębie stanowiska 1. Blizny reprezentują nieudane ataki jakiegoś epifaunalnego drapieżnika, wyposażonego w nożycowy narząd chwytny (np. szczypce kraba, dziób ptaka). Wysoka częstość ataków, ich sezonalność i poprzednie badania ekologiczne zgodnie sugerują, że blizny są wynikiem ataków drapieżnych ptaków (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus lub Numenius americanus). Wybrzeża Półwyspu Kalifornijskiego są miejscem zimowania drapieżnych ptaków i goszczą ich liczne populacje. Nie można jednak całkowicie wykluczyć, że drapieżnikami były kraby. Ponieważ blizny reprezentują nieudane ataki, ilościowe analizy dotyczące selektywności miejsca ataku, selektywności wielkości ofiary i wpływu drapieżnictwa na dynamikę populacji ramienionoga są trudne do jednoznacznego zinterpretowania. Niemniej jednak, wyniki sugerują istnienie silnej sezonalnej zależności ekoliogicznej pomiędzy ptakami (krabami?) i ramienionogami. Analiza ilustruje metody ilościowe użyteczne w badanich współczesnych i kopalnych blizn drapieżniczych i ma istotne implikacje paleontologiczne. Drapieżne ptaki, kraby i ramienionogi mogły współzamieszkiwać strefy międzypływowe począwszy od późnego mezozoiku. Tak więc, blizny drapieżnicze w muszlach ramienionogów mogą mieć długi zapis kopalny, interesujący dla paleontologii, szczególnie z punktu widzenia paleoekologii ewolucyjnej. Ponieważ blizny w muszlach lingulidów pozwalają rozpoznać sezonalne drapieżnictwo, kopalne blizny mogą potencjalnie dostarczyć danych ekologicznych i etologicznych, które są zazwyczaj rzadko dostępne w paleontologii.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

lingulidy; analiza ilosciowa; Polwysep Kalifornijski; Glottidia palmeri; kraby; paleontologia; muszle; ramienionog lingulidowy; ramienionogi; blizny drapieznicze; ptaki drapiezne

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 1997
• Tom: 42
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: s.497-532,wykr.,rys.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Kowalewski M

• Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, ul.Twarda 51-55, PL-00-818 Warszawa

autor

Flessa K W

• Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

autor

Marcot J D

• Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

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