Mammalian evolution underground. The ecological-genetic-phenetic interfaces

• Autorzy: Nevo E.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The global adaptive convergence of subterranean mammals currently involves 3 orders: rodents, insectivores and marsupials. These include 11 families, 50 genera, and several hundreds of species. This global evolutionary process followed the stepwise climatic cooling and drought followed by biotic extinction in the transition from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene, a period of 10 million years (35-45 Ma = million years ago), of profound change in earth geology, climate and biota. The earth changed from the Mesozoic "hot house" to the Neogene (Miocene to Present) "cold house", ie from a warm, equable, mostly subtropical world that persisted from the Mesozoic to the beginning of the present glaciated world. The ecological theater of open country biotas, that opened up progressively in the Cenozoic following the Eocene-Oligocene transition, was associated with increasing aridity, colder climate, and terrestrialism. This climatic change set the stage for a rapid evolutionary play of recurrent adaptive radiations of unrelated mammals on all continents into the subterranean ecotope. The subterranean ecotope is relatively simple, stable, specialised, low or medium in productivity, predictable and discontinuous. Its major evolutionary determinants are specialization, competition and isolation. This ecotope involves the herbivorous (rodents) and insectivorous (insectivores and marsupials) niches. All subterranean mammals share molecular and organismal convergent adaptations to their common unique ecology. By contrast, they display divergent adaptations to their separated niches of herbivory and insectivory and to their different phylogenies. The remarkable adaptive evolution of subterranean mammals involves adaptive structural and functional progression and regression. It is one of the most dramatic examples of global convergent evolution due to underground ecological constraints, at both the molecular and organismal levels of evolutionary theory.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

mammalian evolution; subterranean mammal; Eocene; evolutionary convergence; regression; rodent; competition; Insectivora; marsupial; Cenozoic; Mesozoic; subterranean ecotope; isolation; Oligocene; progression; extinction

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Theriologica. Supplement
• Rocznik: 1995
• Numer: 03
• Opis fizyczny: p.9-31,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Nevo E.

• University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

Bibliografia

• Able K. P. 1980. Mechanisms of orientation, navigation and homing. [In: Animal migration, orientation and homing. S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr, ed]. Academic Press, New York: 283-373.
• Anderson S. and Jones J. K., Jr 1984. Orders and families of recent mammals of the world. Wiley Inc., New York: 1-686.
• Argamaso S. M., Froehlich A. C., McCall M. A., Nevo E., Provencio I. and Foster R. G. 1995. Photopigments and circadian systems of vertebrates. Biophysical Chemistry 56: 3-11.
• Ar A., Arieli R. and Shkolnik A. 1977. Blood-gas properties and function in the fossorial mole rat under normal and hypoxic-hypercapnic atmospheric conditions. Respiration Physiology 30: 102-218.
• Arieli R. 1990. Adaptation of the mammalian gas transport system to subterranean life. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 251-268.
• Arieli R., Heth G., Nevo E. and Hoch D. 1986. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration in four chromosomal species and some isolated populations of actively speciating subterranean mole rats in Israel. Experientia 42: 441-443.
• Baker R. R. 1980. Goal orientation by blindfolded humans after long distance displacement: Possible involvement of a magnetic sense. Science 210: 555-557.
• Ben-Shlomo R., Ritte U. and Nevo E. 1992. Does period-homologous sequence code for rhytmicity in the mole rat? Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 52.
• Ben-Shlomo R., Ritte U. and Nevo E. 1994. RNA with Per-ACNGGN-repeat is cycling in the mole rat brain. Israel Journal of Zoology 40: 93-94.
• Ben-Shlomo R., Shin H.-S. and Nevo E. 1993. Period-homologous sequence polymorphisms in subterranean mammals in the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. Heredity 70: 111-121.
• Brace C. L. 1963. Structural reduction in evolution. American Naturalist 97: 39-49.
• Bronchti G., Rado R., Terkel J. and Wollberg Z. 1991. Retinal projections in the blind mole rat: A WGA-HPR tracing study of a natural degeneration. Developmental Brain Research 58: 159-170.
• Bronner G. N. 1995. Cytogenetic properties of nine species of golden moles (Insectivora: Chrysochloridae). Journal of Mammalogy 76: 957-971.
• Burda H., Beiles A., Marhold S., Simson S., Nevo E. and Wiltschoko W. 1991. Magnetic orientation in subterranean mole rats of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi: experiments, patterns and memory. Israel Journal of Zoology 37: 182-183.
• Burda H., Bruns V. and Muller M. 1990a. Sensory adaptations in subterranean mammals. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 269-294.
• Burda H., Marhold S., Westenberger T., Wiltschoko R. and Wiltschoko W. 1990b. Magnetic compass orientation in the subterranean rodent Cryptomys hottentotus (Bathyergidae). Experientia 46: 528-530.
• Capana E., Civitelli M. V., Hickman G. C. and Nevo E. 1989. The chromosomes of Amblysomus hottentotus and A. iris (Insectivora, Chrysochloridae). Tropical Zoology 2: 1-12.
• Cei G. 1946. Ortogenesi parallela e degradazione degli organi della vista negli spalacidi. Monitore Zoologica Italiano 55: 69-88.
• Contreras L. C. and McNab B. K. 1990. Thermoregulation and energetics in subterranean mammals. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 231-250.
• Cooper H. M., Herbin M. and Nevo E. 1993a. Ocular regression conceals adaptive progression of the visual system in a blind subterranean mammal. Nature 361: 156-159.
• Cooper H. M., Herbin M. and Nevo E. 1993b. Visual system of a naturally micropthalmic mammal: The blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi. Journal of Comparative Neurology 328: 313-350.
• Cooper H. M., Herbin M., Nevo E. and Negroni J. 1995. Neuroanatomical consequences of micrpohthalmia in mammals. [In: Vision et adaptation. Y. Christen, M. Doly and M. T. Droy-Lefaix, eds]. Les Séminaires ophtalmologiques d'IPSEN, tome 6, Elsevier, Paris: 127-139.
• Corbet G. B. and Hill J. E. 1991. A world list of mammalian species. 3rd. ed. Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford: 1-243.
• Darden T. R. 1972. Respiratory adaptations of a fossorial mammal, the pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae). Journal of Comparative Physiology 78: 121-137.
• Dubost G. 1968. Les mammiferes souterrains. Review Ecology Biology Social 5: 99-197.
• Edery I., Rutila E. and Rosbash M. 1994. Phase shifting of the circadian clock by induction of the Drosophila period protein. Science 263: 237-240.
• Gillespie J. 1991. The causes of molecular evolution. Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford: 1-336.
• Grip W. J., de, Jannsen J. J. M., Foster R. G., Korf H.-W., Rothschild K. J., Nevo E. and de Caluwe G. L. J. 1992. Molecular analysis of photoreceptor protein function. [In: Signal transduction in photoreceptors. P. A. Hargrave, K. P. Hofmann and U. B. Kaup, eds]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 43-59.
• Gould J. L. 1984. Magnetic field sensitivity in animals. Annual Review of Physiology 46: 585-598.
• Haim A., Heth G., Pratt H. and Nevo E. 1983. Photoperiodic effects on thermoregulation in a "blind" subterranean mammal. Journal of Experimental Biology 107: 59-64.
• Heil P., Bronchti G., Wollberg Z. and Scheich H. 1991. Invasion of visual cortex by the auditory system in the naturally blind mole rat. NeuroReport 2: 735-738.
• Hendriks W., Leunissen J., Nevo E., Bloemendal H. and de Jong W. W. 1987. The lens protein αA-crystallin of the blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi: Evolutionary change and functional constraints. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 84: 5320-5324.
• Heth G., Frankenberg E., Pratt H. and Nevo E. 1991. Seismic communication in the blind subter­ranean mole rats: Patterns and head thumping and of their detection in the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. Journal of Zoology, London 224: 633-638.
• Heth G., Frankenberg E., Raz A. and Nevo E. 1987. Vibrational communication in subterranean mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 21: 31-33.
• Heth G., Nevo E., Ikan R., Weinstein V., Ravid U. and Duncan H. 1992. Differential olfctory perception of enantiomeric compounds by blind subterranean mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi). Experientia 48: 897-902.
• Heth G., Pevet P., Nevo E. and Beiles A. 1986. The effect of melatonin administration and short exposures to cold on body temperature of the blind subterranean mole rat (Rodentia, Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring). Journal of Experimential Biology 238: 1-9.
• Hoffman A. A. and Parsons P. A. 1991. Evolutionary genetics and environmental stress. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1-284.
• Jacob F. 1977. Evolution and tinkering. Science 196: 1161-1166.
• Janis C. M. 1993. Tertiary mammal evolution in the context of changing climates, vegetation and tectonic events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 467-500.
• Jarvis J. U. M. and Bennet N. C. 1990. The evolutionary history, population biology and social structure of African mole rats: Family Bathyergidae. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 97-128.
• Jong W. W., de, Hendriks W., Sanyal S. and Nevo E. 1990. The eye of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi). Regressive evolution at the molecular level. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 383-395.
• Karlin S. 1976. Population subdivision and selection migration interaction. [In: Population genetics and ecology. S. Karlin and E. Nevo, eds]. Academic Press, Inc., New York: 617-657.
• King C. E. 1964. Relative abundance of species and MacArthur's model. Ecology 45: 716-727.
• Madden R. C. and Phillips J. B. 1987. An attempt to demonstrate magnetic compass orientation in two species of mammals. Animal Learning & Behaviour 15: 13-134.
• Mann M. D., Rehkämper G., Reinke H., Trahm H. D., Necker R. and Nevo E. 1996. Size of stomatosensory cortex and of somatosensory thalamic nuclei of the naturally blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, (in press)
• Mather J. G. and Baker R. R. 1981. Magnetic sense of direction in woodmice for route-based navigation. Nature 291: 152-155.
• McNab B. K. 1979. The influence of body size on the energetics and distribution of fossorial and burrowing mammals. Ecology 60: 1010-1021.
• McNab B. K. 1983. Energetics, body size, and the limits to endothermy. Journal of Zoology, London 199: 1-29.
• McNab K. 1966. The metabolism of fossorial rodents: A study of fossorial rodents: A study of convergence. Ecology 47: 712-733.
• Menzies R., Heth G., Ikan R., Weinstein V. and Nevo E. 1992. Sexual pheromones in lipids and other fractions from urine of the male mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. Physiology and Behaviour 52: 741-747.
• Necker R., Rehkamper G. and Nevo E. 1992. Electrophysiological mapping of body representation in the cortex of the blind mole rat. NeuroReport 3: 505-508.
• Nevo E. 1979. Adaptive convergence and divergence of subterranean mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10: 269-308.
• Nevo E. 1990. Evolution of nonvisual communication and photoperodic perception in speciation and adaptation of blind subterranean mole rats. Behaviour 114: 249-276.
• Nevo E. 1991. Evolutionary theory and processes of active speciation and adaptive radiation in subterranean mole rats, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. Evolutionary Biology 25: 1-125.
• Nevo E. 1996. Evolutionary theory of adaptive progression and regression: The global adaptive convergence of subterranean mammals (in prep.).
• Nevo E. and Beiles A. 1992. MtDNA polymorphisms: evolutionary significance in adaptation and speciation of subterranean mole rats. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47: 385-405.
• Nevo E., Beiles A. and Ben-Shlomo R. 1984. The evolutionary significance of genetic diversity: ecological, demographic and life history correlates. [In: Evolutionary dynamics of genetic diversity. S. Mani, ed]. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 53: 13-213.
• Nevo E., Bodmer M. and Heth G. 1976. Olfactory discrimination as an isolating mechanisms in speciating mole rats. Experientia 32: 1511-1512.
• Nevo E., Capanna E., Corti M., Jarvis J. U. M. and Hickman G. C. 1986a. Karyotype differentiation in the endemic subterranean mole rats of South Africa (Rodentia, Bathyergidae). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 51: 36-49.
• Nevo E., Filippucci M. G. and Beiles A. 1990. Genetic diversity and its ecological correlates in nature: Comparison between subterranean, fossorial and aboveground small mammals. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 347-366.
• Nevo E., Filippucci M. G., Redi C. D., Korol A. and Beiles A. 1994. Chromosomal and genetic extensive speciation and adaptation: The ecological stress model of subterranean mole rats in Asia Minor. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 8160-8164.
• Nevo E., Filippucci M. G., Redi C., Simson S., Heth G. and Beiles A. 1995. Karyotype and genetic evolution in speciation of subterranean mole rats of Spalax in Turkey. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 54: 203-224.
• Nevo E., Guttman R., Haber M. and Erez E. 1982b. Activity patterns of evolving mole rats. Journal of Mammalogy 63: 453-463.
• Nevo E., Heth G., Auffray J. C. and Beiles A. 1987. Preliminary studies of sex pheromones in the urine of actively speciating subterranean mole rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel. Phytoparasitica 15: 163.
• Nevo E., Heth G. and Beiles A. 1982a. Population structure and evolution in subterranean mole rats. Evolution 36: 1283-1289.
• Nevo E., Heth G. and Beiles A. 1986b. Aggression patterns in adaptation and speciation of subterranean mole rats. Journal of Genetics 65: 65-78.
• Nevo E., Heth G. and Pratt H. 1991a. Seismic communication in a blind subterranean mammals: A major somatosensory mechanism in adaptive evolution underground. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 88: 1256-1260.
• Nevo E., Kim Y. J., Shaw C. R. and Thaeler C. S., Jr 1974. Genetic variation, selection and speciation in Thomomys talpoides pocket gophers. Evolution 28: 1-23.
• Nevo E., Naphtali G. and Guttman R. 1975. Aggression patterns and speciation. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 72: 3250-3254.
• Nevo E. and Reig O. A. (eds). 1990. Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. Alan R. Liss, New York: 1-422.
• Nevo E., Simson S., Heth G. and Beiles A. 1992. Adaptive pacifistic behaviour in subterranean mole rats in the Sahara Desert, contrasting to and originating from polymorphic aggression in Israeli species. Behaviour 123: 70-76.
• Nevo E., Simson S., Heth G., Redi C. and Filippucci G. 1991b. Recent speciation of subterranean mole rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in the El-Hamam isolate, northern Egypt. Proceedings of 6th International Colloquium of Ecology and Taxonomy of small African mammals, 11-16 August 1991, Mizpé Ramon, Israel: 43.
• Parsons P. A. 1994. Habitats, stress, and evolutionary rates. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 7: 387-397.
• Patton J. J. 1990. Geomyid evolution: The historical, selective, and random basis for divergence patterns within and among species. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 49-69.
• Pearson O. P. 1959. Biology of the subterranean rodent, Ctenomys, in Peru. Memorias dell Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" 9: 1-56.
• Pevet P., Heth G., Haim A. and Nevo E. 1984. Photoperiod perception in the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring): involvement of the Harderian gland, atrophied eyes and melatonin. Journal of Experimential Zoology 232: 41-50.
• Pianka E. R. 1970. On r- and K-selection. American Naturalist 104: 592-597.
• Pianka E. R. 1974. Niche overlap and diffuse competition. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 71: 2141-2145.
• Prothero D. R. and Berggren W. A. (eds) 1992. Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey: 1-567.
• Rado R., Gev H. and Terkel J. 1988. The role of light in entertaining the circadian rhythm of the mole rat. Proceedings of 10th International Congress of Photobiology, October 30 - November 5, Jarusalem, Israel: 26.
• Rado R., Levi N., Hauser H., Witcher J., Adler N., Intrator N., Wolberg Z. S. and Terkel J. 1987. Seismic signalling as a means of communication in subterranean mammal. Animal Behaviour 35: 1249-1266.
• Rehkamper G., Necker D. and Nevo E. 1994. Functional anatomy of the thalamus in the blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi: An architectonic and electrophysiologically controled tracing study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 347: 570-584.
• Reig O. A. 1970. Ecological notes on the fossorial octodontid rodent Spalacopus cyanus (molina). Journal of Mammalogy 51: 592-601.
• Reig O. A., Busch C., Ortells M. O. and Contreras J. R. 1990. An overview of evolution, systematics, population biology, cytogenetics, molecular biology and speciation in Ctenomys. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 71-96.
• Sanyal S., Jansen H. G., de Grip W. G., Nevo E. and de Jong. W. W. 1990. The eye of the blind rat, Spalax ehrenbergi: Rudiment with hidden function. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 31: 1398-1404.
• Savic I. R. and Nevo E. 1990. The Spalacidae: Evolutionary history, speciation and population biology. [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 129-153.
• Sherman P. W., Jarvis J. U. M. and Alexander R. 1991. The biology of the naked mole rat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey: 1-518.
• Simson S., Lavie B. and Nevo E. 1993. Penial differentiation in speciation of subterranean mole rats Spala:e ehrenbergi in Israel. Journal of Zoology, London 229: 493-503.
• Vleck D. 1979. The energy cost of burrowing by the pocket gopher Thomomys bottae. Physiological Zoology 52: 122-136.
• Vleck D. 1981. Burrow structure and foraging cost in the fossorial rodent Thomomys bottae. Oecologia 49: 391-396.
• Vuillez P., Cooper C. H. M., Herbin M., Nevo E. and Pevet P. 1994. Photic induction of Fosimmunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the blind mole rat {Spalax ehrenbergi). Brain Research 654: 81-84.
• Webb S. D. 1977. A history of savanna vertebrates in the New World, Part I. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 355-380.
• Webb S. D. 1978. A history of savanna vertebrates in the New World, Part II. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 393-426.
• Widmer H. R., Hoppeler H., Nevo E., Taylor C. R. and Weebel E. R. 1996. Respiratory adaptations to survival underground in the blind subterranean mole rat. (in press)
• Wilkens H. 1971. Genetic interpretation of regressive evolutionary processes: Studies on hybrid eyes of two Astyanax cave populations (Characidae, Pisces). Evolution 25: 530-544.
• Wright S. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28: 114-138.
• Wright S. 1964. Pleiotropy in the evolution of structural reductions and of dominance. American Naturalist 98: 65-69.
• Yates T. L. and Moore D. W. 1990. Speciation and evolution in the family Talpidae (Mammalia: Insectivora). [In: Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels. E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds]. Alan R. Liss, New York: 1-22.