Complex nature of enterococcal pheromone-responsive plasmids

• Autorzy: Wardal E , Sadowy E. , Hryniewicz W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Pheromone-responsive plasmids constitute a unique group of ~ 20 plasmids identified, as yet, only among enterococcal species. Several of their representatives, e.g. pAD1, pCF10, pPD1 and pAM373 have been extensively studied. These plasmids posses a sophisticated conjugation mechanism based on response to sex pheromones - small peptides produced by plasmid-free recipient cells. Detailed analysis of regulation and function of the pheromone response process revealed its great complexity and dual role - in plasmid conjugation and modulation of enterococcal virulence. Among other functional modules identified in pheromone plasmids, the stabilization/partition systems play a crucial role in stable maintenance of the plasmid molecule in host bacteria. Among them, the par locus of pAD1 is one of the exceptional RNA addiction systems. Pheromone-responsive plasmids contribute also to enterococcal phenotype being an important vehicle of antibiotic resistance in this genus. Both types of acquired vancomycin resistance determinants, vanA and vanB, as well many other resistant phenotypes, were found to be located on these plasmids. They also encode two basic agents of enterococcal virulence, i.e. aggregation substance (AS) and cytolysin. AS participates in mating-pair formation during conjugation but can also facilitate the adherence of enterococci to human tissues during infection. The second protein, cytolysin, displays hemolytic activity and helps to invade eukaryotic cells. There are still many aspects of the nature of pheromone plasmids that remain unclear and more detailed studies are needed to understand their uniqueness and complexity.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

pheromone-responsive plasmid; sex pheromone; inhibitory peptide; aggregation substance; vancomycin resistance; plasmid; enterococcal phenotype; antibiotic resistance; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; enterococcal infection; pheromone response; regulation mechanism

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Microbiology
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: 59
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.79-87,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Wardal E

• National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Sadowy E.

autor

Hryniewicz W.

Bibliografia

• An F.Y. and D.B. Clewell. 2002. Identification of the cAD1 sex pheromone precursor in Enterococcus faecalis. J. Bacterial. 184: 1880-1887.
• An F.Y., M.C. Sulavik and D.B. Clevvell. 1999. Identification and characterization of a determinant (eep) on the Enterococcus faecalis chromosome that is involved in production of the peptide sex pheromone cAD1. J. Bacterial. 181:5915-5921.
• Borderon E., G. Bicth and T. Horodniccanu. 1982. Genetic and physical studies of Streptococcus faecalis hemolysin plasmids. FE MS Microbiol. Lett. 14: 51-55.
• Brown M.S., J. Yc, R.B. Rawson and J.L. Goldstein. 2000. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Cell 100: 391-398.
• Callen B.P., K.E. Shearwin and J.B. Egan. 2004. Transcriptional interference between convergent promoters caused by elongation over the promoter. Mol. Cell 14: 647-656.
• Chandler J.R., H. Hirt and G.M. Dunny. 2005. A paracrine peptide sex pheromone also acts as an autocrine signal to induce plasmid transfer and virulence expression in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 15617-15622.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS). http://www.cdc.gov/ nhsn/PDFs/dataStat/NNIS_2004.pdf
• Chow J.W., L.A. Thal, M.B. Perri, J.A. Vazquez, S.M. Doanbedian, D.B. Clewell and M.J. Zervos. 1993. Plasmid-associated hemolysin and aggregation substance production contribute to virulence in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 2474-2477. Christie P.J. and G.M. Dunny. 1986. Identification of regions of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10 that encode antibiotic resistance and pheromone response functions. Plasmid 15: 230-241.
• Clewell D.B. 1993. Bacterial sex pheromone-induced plasmid transfer. Cell 11: 9-12.
• Clewell D.B. 2007. Properties of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1, a member of a widely disseminated family of pheromone-responding, conjugative, virulence elements encoding cytolysin. Plasmid. 58: 205-227.
• Clewell D.B. and G.M. Dunny. 2002. Conjugation and genetic exchange in enterococci. pp. 265-300. In: Gilmore M.S. (ed.). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis. Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
• Clewell D.B., F.Y. An, B.A. White and C. Gawron-Burke. 1985. Streptococcus faecalis sex pheromone (cAM373) also produced by Staphylococcus aureus and identification of a conjugative transposon (Tn918). J. Bacteriol. 162: 1212-1220.
• Clewell D.B., EY. An, S.F. Flannagan, M. Antiporta and G.M. Dunny. 2000. Enterococcal sex pheromone precursors are part of signal sequences for surface lipoproteins. Mol. Microbiol. 35:246-247.
• Clewell D.B., L.T. Pontius, F.Y. An, Y. Ike, A. Suzuki and J. Nakayama. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the sex pheromone inhibitor (iAD1) determinant of Enterococcus faecalis conjugative plasmid pAD1. Plasmid 24: 156-161.
• Coque T.M., M.E. Patterson, J.M. Steckelberg and B.E. Murray. 1995. Incidence of hemolysin, gelatinase, and aggregation substance among enterococci isolated from patients with endocarditis and other infections and from feces of hospitalized and community-based persons. J. Infect. Dis. 171: 1223-1229.
• Courvalin P. 2005. Genetics of glycopeptide resistance in Gram-positive pathogens. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294: 479-486.
• Courvalin P. 2006. Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive cocci. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42: 25-34.
• De Boever E.H. and D.B. Clewell. 2001. The Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-responsive plasmid pAM373 does not encode an entry exclusion function. Plasmid 45: 57-60.
• Dunny G.M., B.L. Brown and D.B. Clewell. 1978. Induced ceil aggregation and mating in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for a bacterial sex pheromone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3470-3483.
• Flannagan S.E. and D.B. Clewell. 2002. Identification and characterization of genes encoding sex pheromone cAM373 activity in Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Microbiol. 44: 803-817.
• Folli C, L. Mangiarotti, S. Folloni, B. Allien, M. Gobbo, R. Berni and C. Rivetti. 2008. Specificity of the TraA-DNA interaction in the regulation of pPDl-encoded sex pheromone response in Enterococcus faecalis. J. Mol. Biol. 380: 932-945.
• Francia M.V. and D.B. Clewell. 2002. Transfer origins in the conjugative Enterococcus faecalis plasmids pAD1 and pAM373. Identification of the pAD1 nic site, a specific relaxase and possible TraG-like protein. Mol. Microbiol. 45: 375-395.
• Francia M.V., S. Fujimoto, P. Tille, K.E. Weaver and D.B. Clewell. 2004. Replication of Enterococcus faecalis pheromone responding plasmid pAD1: location of the minimal replicon and oriV site and RepA involvement in initiation of replication. J. Bacteriol. 186: 5003-5016.
• Francia M.V., K.E. Weaver, P. Tille and D.B. Clewell. 2007. Characterization of an active partition system for the Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-responding plasmid pAD1. J. Bacteriol. 189:8546-8555.
• Fujimoto S. and D.B. Clewell. 1998. Regulation of the pAD1 sex pheromone response of Enterococcus faecalis by direct interaction between the cAD1 peptide mating signal and the negatively regulating, DNA-binding TraA protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 6430-6435.
• Funnell B.E. and R.A. Slavcev. 2004. Partition systems of bacterial plasmids. pp. 81-103. In: Funnell B. E. and G. Phillips (eds). Plasmid biology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
• Galli D., F. Lottspeich and R. Wirth. 1990. Sequence analysis of Enterococcus faecalis aggregation substance encoded by the sex pheromone plasmid pAD1. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 895-904.
• Gilmore M.S., P.S. Coburn, S.R. Nallaparcddy and B.E. Murray. 2002. Enterococcal virulence, pp. 301-354. In: Gilmore M.S. (ed.). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
• Gilmore M.S., R.A. Segarra, M.C. Booth, CP. Bogie, R. Hall and D.B. Clewell. 1994. Genetic structure of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1-encoded cytolytic toxin system and its relationship to lantibiotic determinants. J. Bacteriol. 176: 7335-7344.
• Grohmann E., G. Muth and M. Espinosa. 2003. Conjugative plasmid transfer in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67:277-301.
• Haas W., B.D. Shepard and M.S. Gilmore. 2002. Two-component regulator of Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin responds to quorum-sensing autoinduction. Nature 415: 84-87.
• Handwerger S., M.J. Pucci and A. Kolokathis. 1990. Vanco-mycin-resistance is encoded on the pheromone response plasmid in Enterococcus faecium 228. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 358-360.
• Havarstein L.S., D.B. Diep and I.F. Nes. 1995. A family of baceriocinABC transporters carry out proteolytic processing of their substrates concomitant with export. Mol. Microbiol. 16: 229-240.
• Heaton M.P., L.F. Discotto, M.J. Pucci and S. Handwerger. 1996. Mobilization of vancomycin resistance by transposon-mediated fusion of a VanA plasmid with an Enterococcus faecium sex pheromone-response plasmid. Gene 171: 9-17.
• Hirt H., R. Wirth and A. Muscholl. 1996. Comparative analysis of 18 sex pheromone plasmids from Enterococcus faecalis: detection of a new insertion element on pPDl and implications for the evolution of this plasmid family. Mol. Gen. Genet. 252: 640-647.
• Hirt H., Schlievert P.M. and G.M. Dunny. 2002. In vivo induction of virulence and antibiotic resistance transfer in Enterococcus faecalis mediated by the sex pheromone-sensing system of pCFlO. Infect. Immun. 70: 716-723.
• Huycke M.M., C.A. Spiegeland and M.S. Gilmore. 1991. Bacteremia caused by hemolytic, high-level gentamicin resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 35: 1626-1634.
• Ike Y., H. Hashimoto and D.B. Clewell. 1984. Hemolysin of Streptococcus faecalis supspecies zymogenes contributes to virulence in mice. Infect. Immun. 45: 528-530.
• Kozlowicz B.K., M. Dworkin and G.M. Dunny. 2006. Pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: a model for the evolution of biological complexity? Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296:141-7.
• Lim S.K., K.Tanimoto, H. Tomita and Y. Ike. 2006. Pheromone-responsive conjugative vancomycin resistance plasmids in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from humans and chicken feces. Appf. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6544-6553.
• Magi G., R. Capretti, C. Paoletti, M. Pietrella, L. Ferrante, F. Biavasco, P.E. Varaldo and B. Facinelli. 2003. Presence of a vanA-carrying pheromone response plasmid (pBRG 1) in a clinical isolate of Enterococcusfaecium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 47: 1571-1576.
• Miyazaki S., A. Ohno, I. Kobayashi, T. Uji, K. Yamaguchi and S. Goto. 1993. Cytotoxic effect of hemolytic culture supernatant from Enterococcus faecalis on mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Microbiol. Immunol. 37: 265-270.
• Mori M., A. Isogai, Y. Sakagami, M. Fujino, C. Kitada, D.B. Clewell and A. Suzuki. 1986. Isolation and structure of Streptococcus faecalis sex pheromone inhibitor, iADl, that is excreted by donor strains harboring plasmid pAD1. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50: 539-541.
• Mundy L.M., D.F. Sahm and M. Gilmore. 2000. Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev 13: 513-522.
• Murray B.E. 1998. Diversity among multidrug-resistant enterococci. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4: 37-47.
• Murray B.E., F.Y. An and D.B. Clewell. 1988. Plasmids and pheromone response of the P-lactamase producer Streptococcus (Enterococcus) faecalis HH22. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32: 547-551.
• Muscholl-Silberhorn A. 1999. Cloning and functional analysis of Asa373, a novel adhesin unrelated to the other sex pheromone plasmid-encoded aggregation substances of Enterococcus faecalis. Mol. Microbiol. 34: 620-630.
• Ozawa Y., E.H. De Boever and D.B. Clewell. 2005. Enterococcus faecalis sex pheromone plasmid pAM373: Analyses of TraA and evidence for its interaction with RpoB. Plasmid 54; 57-69.
• Pontius L.T. and D.B. Clewell. 1992. Conjugative transfer of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1: nucleotide sequence and transcriptional fusion analysis of a region involved in positive regulation. J. Bacteriol. 174: 3152-3160.
• Segarra R.A., M.C. Booth, D.A. Morales, M.M. Huycke and M.S. Gilmore. 1991. Molecular characterization of the Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin activator. Infect Immun 59: 1239-1246.
• Showsh S.A., H. De Boever and D.B. Clewell. 2001. Vancomycin resistance plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis that encodes sensitivity to a sex pheromone also produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2177-2178.
• Tomita H. and D.B. Clewell. 2000. A pAD1-encoded small RNA molecule, mD, negatively regulates Enterococcus faecalis pheromone response by enhancing transcription termination. J. Bacteriol. 182:1062-1073.
• Vanek N.N., S.I. Simon, K. Jacques-Palaz, M.M. Mariscalco, G.M. Dunny and R.M. Rakita. 1999. Enterococcus faecalis aggregation substance promotes opsonin-independent binding to human neutrophils via a complement receptor type 3-mediated mechanism. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 26: 49-60.
• Weaver K.E., D.M. Weaver, C.L. Wells, CM. Waters, M.E. Gardner and E.A. Ehli. 2003. Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1-encoded Fst toxin affects membrane permeability and alters cellular responses to lantibiotics. J. Bacteriol. 185: 2169-2177.
• Weaver K.E., E.A. Ehli, J.S. Nelson and S. Patel. 2004. Antisense RNA regulation by stable complex formation in the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1 par addiction system. . J. Bacteriol. 186: 6400-6408.
• Weaver K.E., L.B. Rice and G. Churchward. 2002. Plasmids and transposons. pp. 219-263. In: Gilmore M. S. (ed.). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
• Weaver K. E., S.M. Kwong, N. Firth and M.V. Francia. 2009. The RepA_N replicons of Gram-positive bacteria: A family of broadly distributed but narrow host range plasmids. Plasmid 61: 94-109.
• Wirth R. 1994. The sex pheromone system of Enterococcus faecalis. More than just a plasmid-collection mechanism? Eur J. Biochem. 222: 235-246.
• Yagi Y., R.E. Kessler, J.H. Shaw, D.E. Lopatin, F. An and D.B. Clewell. 1983. Plasmid content of Streptococcus faecalis strain 39-5 and identification of a pheromone (cPD1 )-induced surface antigen. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129: 1207-15. ,
• Zheng B., H. Tomita, T. Inoue, and Y. Ike. 2009. Isolation of VanB-type Enterococcus faecalis strains from nosocomial infections: first report of the isolation and identification of the pheromone-responsive plasmids pMG2200, encoding VanB-type vancomycin resistance and a Bac41 -type bacteriocin, and pMG2201, encoding erythromycin resistance and cytolysin (Hly/Bac). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 735-47.
• Zielenkiewicz U. and P. Cegłowski. 2001. Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special focus on plasmid addiction systems. Acta Biochim. Pol. 48: 1003-23.