Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

• Autorzy: Aiello G , Barattolo F. , Barra D. , Fiorito G. , Mazzarella A. , Raia P. , Viola R.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Two statistical methods, fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics, are tested for their applicability to ostracod systematics. For this comparison, two morphologically similar ostracod species (Krithe compressa and Krithe iniqua) whose genus−level systematics is still incompletely resolved, are selected. Twenty−nine right valves of each species were collected from the upper Pliocene samples at the Monte San Nicola section in southern Italy. Statistical analyses (MANOVA on morphometric shape variables, and D values) were utilized to test if geometric morphometrics and fractal analysis are appropriate into discriminating between the two species. Both methods succeeded in distinguishing the species statistically. The fractal analysis of the two ostracod species shows D values centered on 1.31±0.02 for Krithe iniqua and on 1.40±0.02 for Krithe compressa. Geometric morphometric analysis indicates significant differences between the two species and allows studying intra−populational variability as well as. The most variable traits indicated by geometric morphometrics are vestibular area and posterior outline of the shell, indicating that these traits are the most relevant for the systematics of the species analyzed. Both fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics provide a measure of population variability. Fractal analysis has the advantage of being free from any subjectivity in the selection of characters and could be most appropriate to use for analysis of complex ornamentation for systematic purposes. However, a possible advantage of geometric morphometrics over fractal analysis is its ability to indicate where statistically significant variations in shape occur on the shell.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

fractal analysis; variability; statistical method; systematics; Krithe compressa; ostracod; shell; Ostracoda; morphometry; morphological variability; Krithe iniqua; paleontology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: 52
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.563-573,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Aiello G

• Universita di Napoli 'Federico II', Largo S.Marcellino, 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy

autor

Barattolo F.

autor

Barra D.

autor

Fiorito G.

autor

Mazzarella A.

autor

Raia P.

autor

Viola R.

Bibliografia

• Abate, S., Barra, D., Aiello, G., and Bonaduce, G. 1993. The genus Krithe Brady, Crosskey and Robertson, 1874 (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene of the M. San Nicola Section (Gela, Sicily). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 32: 349–366.
• Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J., and Slice, D.E. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the “revolution”. Italian Journal of Zoology 71: 5–16.
• Aiello, G., Barra, D., and Bonaduce, G. 2000. Systematics and biostratigraphy of the Ostracoda of the Plio−Pleistocene Monte S. Nicola section (Gela, Sicily). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 39: 83–112.
• Ayress, M.A., Barrows, T., Passlow, V., and Whatley, R. 1999. Neogene to Recent species of Krithe (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from the Tasman Sea and off Southern Australia with description of five new species. Records of the Australian Museum 51: 1–22.
• Bath, A. 1974. Spectral Analysis in Geophysics. 563 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Bold, W.A. van den 1946.Contribution to the Study of Ostracoda with Special Reference to the Tertiary and Cretaceous Microfauna of the Caribbean Region. 167 pp. Proefschrift Rijks Universiteit Utrecht, Amsterdam.
• Bold, W.A. van den 1968. Ostracoda of the Yague Group (Neogene) of the Northern Dominican Republic. Bulletins of American Paleontology 54 (239): 1–106.
• Bookstein, F.L. 1989. Principal warps: thin plate spline and the decomposition of deformations. I.E.E.E. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 11: 567–585.
• Bookstein, F.L. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. 435 pp. Cambridge University Press, New York.
• Boyajian, G. and Lutz, T. 1992. Evolution of biological complexity and its relation to taxonomic longevity in the Ammonoidea. Geology 20: 983–986.
• Brady, G.S., Crosskey, H.W., and Robertson, D. 1874. A monograph of the Post−Tertiary Entomostraca of Scotland including species from England and Ireland. Annual Volumes (Monographs) of the Palaeontographical Society 28: 1–232.
• Bruner E. and Manzi, G. 2004. Variability in facial size and shape among North and East African human populations. Italian Journal of Zoology 71: 51–56.
• Claridge, M.F., Dawah, H.A., and Wilson, M.R. 1997. Practical approaches to species concepts for living organismsIn: M.F. Claridge, H.A. Dawah, and M.R. Wilson (eds.), Species: the Units of Biodiversity, 1–15. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Coles, G.P., Whatley, R.W., and Moguilevsky, A. 1994. The ostracod genus Krithe from the Tertiary and Quaternary of the North Atlantic. Paleontology 37: 71–120.
• Corbari, L. 2004. Physiologie respiratoire, comportementale et morphofonctionnelle des ostracodes Podocopes et Myodocopes et d’un amphipode caprellidé profond. Stratégies adaptatives et implications évolutives. 300 pp. M.Sc. thesis 2885, Université Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux.
• Corbit, J.D. and Garbary, D.J. 1995. Fractal dimension as a quantitative measure of complexity in plant development. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 262: 1–6.
• Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. 555 pp. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
• Davenport, J., Pugh, P.J.A., and McKechnie, J. 1996. Mixed fractals and anisotropy in subantarctic marine macroalgae from South Georgia: implications for epifaunal biomass and abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136: 245–255.
• Dongsheng, L., Zhaobi, Z., and Binghong, W. 1994. Research into multifractal analysis of earthquake spatial distribution. Tectonophysics 233: 91–97.
• Elewa, A. 2003. Morphometric studies on three ostracod species of the genus Digmocythere Mandelstam from the Middle Eocene of Egypt. Palaeontologia Electronica 6 (2): 1–11.
• Elewa, A. 2004. Morphometrics: Applications in Biology and Paleontology. 263 pp. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.
• Grassberger, P. and Procaccia, I. 1983. Measuring the strangeness of strange attractors. Physica D 9: 189–208.
• Ishizaki, K. 1966. Miocene and Pliocene ostracodes from the Sendai area, Japan. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, series 2 (Geology) 37: 131–163.
• Kenkel, N.C. and Walker, D.J. 1996. Fractals in the biological sciences. Coenoses 11: 77–100.
• Korvin, G., Boyd, D.M., and O’Dowd, R. 1990. Fractal characterization of the South Australian gravity station network. Geophysical Journal International 100: 535–539.
• Luongo, G. and Mazzarella, A. 1997. On the clustering of seismicity in the Southern Tyrrhenian sea. Annali di Geofisica 40: 1–7.
• Mandelbrot, B.B. 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. 460 pp. Freeman, New York.
• Mayden, R.L. 1997. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem In: M.F. Claridge, H.A. Dawah, and M.R. Wilson (eds.), Species: the Units of Biodiversity, 381–424. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Mayr, E. 1996. What is a species, and what is not? Philosophy of Science 63: 262–277.
• Mazzarella, A. 1998. The time clustering of floodings in Venice and the Cantor dust method. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 59: 147–150.
• McKenzie, K.G., Majoran, S., Emami, V., and Reyment, R.A. 1989. The Krithe problem—First test of Peypouquet’s hypothesis, with a redescription of Krithe praetexta praetexta (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 74: 343–354.
• Nonnenmacher, T.F., Losa, G.A., and Weibel, E.R. 1994. Fractals in Biology and Medicine. 416 pp. Birkhauser, Boston.
• Peypouquet, J.P. 1975. Les variations des caractères morphologiques internes chez les ostracodes des genres Krithe et Parakrithe: relation possible avec le teneur en O2 dissous dans l’eau. Bulletin de l’Institut de Géologie du Bassin Aquitaine 17: 81–88.
• Peypouquet, J.P. 1977. Les ostracodes et la connaissance des paleomilieux profonds. Application au Cenozoïque de l’Atlantique nord−oriental. 443 pp. Ph.D. thesis. Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux.
• Peypouquet, J.P. 1979. Ostracodes et paléoenvironnements. Méthodologie et application aux domaines profonds du Cénozoïque. Bulletin du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minieres 4: 3–79.
• Raia, P. 2004. Morphological correlates of tough food consumption in large land carnivores. Italian Journal of Zoology 71: 45–50.
• Reyment, R.A. 1993. Ornamental and shape variation in Hemicytherura fulva McKenzie, Reyment and Reyment (Ostracoda, Eocene, Australia). Revista Española de Paleontologia 8: 125–131.
• Reyment, R.A. 1995. On multivariate morphometrics applied to Ostracoda In: J. Ríha (ed.), Ostracoda and Biostratigraphy, 203–213. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Reyment, R.A. and Abe, K. 1995. Morphometrics of Vargula hilgendorfii (Müller). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 92: 325–336.
• Rohlf, F.J. 2001a. TpsDig: Thin Plate Spline Digitise. (Version 1.31). State University of New York, Stony Brook.
• Rohlf, F.J. 2001b. TpsRelw: Thin Plate Spline Relative Warp Analysis. (Version 1.22). State University of New York, Stony Brook.
• Rohlf, F.J. and Slice, D. 1990. Extension of the procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 39: 40–59.
• Seguenza, G. 1880. Le formazioni terziarie della provincia di Reggio (Calabria). Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, serie 3 (Memorie della classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matemetiche e Naturali) 6: 3–446.
• Stanley, H.E. 1992. Fractal landscapes in physics and biology. Physica A 186: 1–32.
• Tatsumi, J., Yamauchi, A., and Kono, Y. 1989. Fractal analysis of plant root systems. Annals of Botany 64: 499–503.
• Thompson, D’A.W. 1917. On Growth and Form. 793 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Van Harten, D. 1995. Differential food−detection: a speculative reinterpretation of vestibule variability in Krithe (Crustacea: Ostracoda) In: J. Ríha (ed.), Ostracoda and Biostratigraphy, 33–36. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Van Harten, D. 1996. The case against Krithe as a tool to estimate the depth and the oxygenation of ancient oceans In: A. Moguilewsky and R. Whatley (eds.), Microfossils and Oceanic Environments, 297–303. University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
• Vlcek, J. and Cheung, E. 1986. Fractal analysis of leaf shapes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 124–127.
• Whatley, R. and Zhao, Q. 1993. The Krithe problem: A case history of the distribution of Krithe and Pararakrithe (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the South China Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 103: 281–297.
• Zhou, B. and Ikeya, N. 1992. Three species of Krithe (Crustacea : Ostracoda) from Suruga Bay, Central Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, new series 166: 1097–1115.