Differentiation of the synergids in Pulmonaria angustifolia and Pulmonaria mollissima Kern

• Autorzy: Izmailow R. , Tarnawska M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Processes of the cytological differentiation in the synergids of Pulmonaria angustifolia L. (2n = 14) and P. mollissima Kern. (2n = 18) were studied. In both species the process of polyploidization started soon after the formation of the mature embryo sac. The lack of mitoses, rhythmical enlargement of the synergid nuclei as well as their characteristic structures pointed to endoreduplication as the mechanism of polyploidization. Detailed analysis of nuclear volume measurements permitted to distinguish five size-classes of nuclei; they correspond to the degrees of ploidy evaluated as: n, 2n, 4n, 8n and 16n. Moreover, in P. mollissima one nucleus could be identified with 32n level. In polyploid nuclei the occurrence of aggregations of chromatin enlarging with the degree of polyploidization was stated. Their increase in thickness in high polyploid nuclei permitted to suppose that they represented the polytene chromosomes. The synergids in Pulmonaria probably are involved in the nutrition of the egg cell before fertilization. It may be supposed that the persistent synergid retains its physiological activity up to the stage of 4-8-celled embryo.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

embryo sac; chromatin; endoreduplication; cytological differentiation; Pulmonaria mollissima; Angiospermae; micropylar canal; endopolyploidy; Boraginaceae; fertilization; synergid; Pulmonaria angustifolia; polyploidization

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica
• Rocznik: 1995
• Tom: 37
• Opis fizyczny: p.25-34,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Izmailow R.

• Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Krakow, Poland

autor

Tarnawska M.

Bibliografia

• Briggs C. L. 1989. Early postfertilization development in Swainsona greyana (Fabaceae): relationship of the persisting synergid and pollen tube to the developing embryo. In: Some aspects and actual orientations in plant embryology. Eds: Paré J. and Bugnicourt M. Univ. de Picardie, Faculte des Sciences, Picardie. 60-67.
• Brodsky V. Ya. and Uryvaeva I. V. 1985. Genome multiplication in growth and development. Biology of polyploid and polytene cells. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge.
• Chaubal R. and Reger B. J. 1992. Calcium in the synergid cells and other regions of pearl millet ovaries. Sex. Plant Reprod. 5, 34-46.
• Chaubal R. and Reger B. J. 1993. Prepollination degeneration in mature synergids of pearl millet: an examination using antimonate fixation to localize calcium. Sex. Plant Reprod. 6, 225-238.
• Hasitschka-Jenschke G. 1957. Die Entwicklung der Samenanlage von Allium ursinum mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der endopolyploiden Kerne in Synergiden und Antipoden. Österr. Bot. Z. 104, 1-24.
• Hasitschka-Jenschke G. 1958. Zur Karyologie der Samenanlage dreier Allium-Arten. Österr. Bot. Z. 105, 71-82.
• Huang B. Q. and Russell S. D. 1992a. Synergid degeneration in Nicotiana: a quantitative fluorochromic and chlorotetracycline study. Sex. Plant Reprod. 5, 151-155.
• Huang B. Q. and Russell S. D. 1992b. Female germ unit: organization, isolation and function. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 140, 233-293.
• Håkansson A. 1951. Parthenogenesis in Allium. Bot. Not. 2, 143-179.
• Håkansson A. 1957. Notes on the giant chromosomes oí Allium nutans. Bot. Not. 110, 196-200.
• Izmaiłow R. 1982. In: Pogan E., Wcisło H., lzmaiłow R., Przywara L. et al. 1982. Further studies in chromosome numbers of Polish Angiosperms. Part XVI. Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 24, 159-189.
• Jensen W. A. 1965. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the synergids of cotton. Amer. J. Bot. 52, 238-256.
• Linskens H. F. 1969. Fertilization mechanisms in higher plants. In: Fertilization, comparative morphology, biochemistry and immunology. II. Eds: Metz Ch. B. and Monroy A. Academic Press. New York, London.
• Maheshwari P. 1950. An introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Malik C. P. and Vermani S. 1975. Physiology of sexual reproduction. I. A histochemical study of the embryo sac development in Zephyranthes rosea and Lagenaria vulgaris. Acta Histochem. 53, 244-280.
• Małecka J. 1981. Cytological processes during the differentiation of elements of embryo sac in Cerinthe minor. L. Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 23, 55-67.
• Nagl W. 1974. The Phaseolus suspensor and its polytene chromosomes. Zeitschr. Pflanzenphysiol. 73, 1-44.
• Nagl W. 1978. Endopolyploidy and polyteny in differentiation and evolution. North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam.
• Nagl W. 1981. Polytene chromosomes of plants. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 73, 21-53.
• Newcomb W. 1973a. The development of the embryo sac of sunflower Helianthus annuus before fertilization. Can J. Bot. 51, 863-878.
• Newcomb W. 1973b. The development of the embryo sac of sunflower Helianthus annuus after fertilization. Can. J. Bot. 51, 879-890.
• Russell S. D. 1992. Double fertilization. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 140, 357-388.
• Schulz P. and Jensen W. A. 1968. Capsella embryogenesis: the synergids before and after fertilization. Am. J. Bot. 55, 541-552.
• Svensson H. 1925. Zur Embryologie der Hydrophyllaceen, Boraginaceen und Heliotropiaceen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Endospermbildung. Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. Mat. Naturv. 2, 1-176.
• Syamasundar J. and Panchaksharappa M. G. 1975. A cytological study of the hypertrophied synergid in Allium cepa L. Cytologia. 40, 371-376.
• Tschermak-Woess E. 1963. Strukturtypen der Ruhekerne von Pflanzen und Tieren. Protoplasmatologia. 5. Springer, Wien.
• Van Went J. L. 1970. The ultrastructure of the synergids of Petunia. Acta Bot. Neerl. 19, 121-132.
• Van Went J. L. and Cresti M. 1988. Pre-fertilization degeneration of both synergids in Brassica campestris ovules. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1, 208-216.
• Vereshchagina V. A. 1983. The development of endosperm in Pulmonaria (Boraginaceae). (in Russian). Bot. Zhurn. 68, 1107-1112.
• Vijayeraghavan M. R., Jensen W. A. and Ashton M. E. 1972. Synergids of Aquilegia formosa— their histochemistry and ultrastructure. Phytomorphology. 122, 144-159.
• Wędzony M. 1982. Endopolyploidy and structure of nuclei in the antipodals and synergids of Ranunculus baudotii Godr. Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 24, 43-62.
• Willemse M. T. M. and Van Went J. L. 1984. The female gametophyte. In: Embryology of Angiosperms. Ed: Johri B. M. Springer Verlag. Berlin. 159-196.
• Wilms H. J. 1981a. Ultrastructure of the developing embryo sac of spinach. Acta Bot. Neerl. 30, 75-99.
• Wilms H. J. 1981b. Pollen tube penetration and fertilization in spinach. Acta Bot. Neerl. 30, 101-122.
• You R. and Jensen W. A. 1985. Ultrastructural observations of the mature megagametophyte and the fertilization in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Can. J. Bot. 63, 163-178.