Biologiczne procesy a ksztaltowanie zyznosci gleby

• Autorzy: Kobus J
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Procesy biologiczne kształtujące żyzność gleby w ekosystemach lądowych opierają się głównie na transformacji materii organicznej. Związane są z drobnoustrojami i wydzielanymi przez nie enzymami oraz tempem prowadzonych przez nie przemian biogeochemicznych w krążeniu pierwiastków, które przechodzą z nieorganicznych lub nieożywionych organicznych form w połączenia protoplazmatyczne i po ich obumarciu z powrotem do abiotycznych części ekosystemu. Drobnoustroje prowadzą różnorodne procesy geochemiczne, a przebieg procesów i ich wpływ na środowisko zależy od ich aktywności. Aktywność biologiczna i żyzność gleb wiąże się głównie z zawartością w niej materii organicznej. Materia ta pochodzi głównie z resztek roślinnych, wydzielin korzeniowych i częściowo z biomasy mikroflory i mikrofauny. Mineralizacja glebowej materii organicznej wynosi od 2 do 5% rocznie. Zależy to od warunków klimatycznych i intensywności uprawy. Znanym jest fakt, że długotrwałe stosowanie orki prowadzi do zmniejszenia się materii organicznej w glebie. Wywołuje to zaburzenia cyklu pokarmowego i żyzności i prowadzi do degradacji jakości gleby. Dobór i nasycenie określonych gatunków roślin w strukturze zasiewów, przy uwzględnieniu nawożenia obornikiem może znacznie zmienić ten niekorzystny trend i pozwolić na utrzymanie wysokiej urodzajności gleby.

EN

Biological processes of organic matter tranformation play the major role in development and activity of terrestial ecosystems. These processes are connected with microorganisms and their released enzymes into the soil. The rate of these processes is conjucted with biochemical transformation in the element cycling, as result of passing of inorganic or inamimated organic forms into protoplasmatic compounds, which after their death come back to ekosystem abiotic part. The microorganisms take part in different geochemical processes and thier rate is dependent on microbial activity. Biological activity and fertility of soil are mostly connected with organic matter. Most soil organic matter is derived from plant residues, roots excretions and partly from microbial and microfauna biomase. The rate of mineralization of soil organic matter range, generally, from 2-5% per year. This transformation depends on climatic conditions and applied cultivation system. The effect of the long-term tillage causes a decrease of soil organic matter, which in turn disturbs nutrition cycling, degrades soil fertility and quality. The cultivation of properly chosen plants in the plant rotation system and the application of farmyard manure allow to keep the high productivity of soil.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

materia organiczna; mikroorganizmy glebowe; gleby; procesy biologiczne; zyznosc gleb

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
• Rocznik: 1995
• Tom: 421a
• Opis fizyczny: s.209-219,tab.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Kobus J

• Zaklad Mikrobiologii Rolniczej, Instytut Uprawy Nawozenia i Gleboznawstwa, ul.Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy

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