How influenza's neuraminidase promotes virulence and creates localized lung mucosa immunodeficiency

• Autorzy: Bhatia A , Kast R.E.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme coded for by the genome of influenza critical for its pathogenicity and survival. Three currently accepted roles for this NA in promoting influenza virulence are: 1. NA cleaves newly formed virus particles from the host cell membrane. Without NA, newly formed virus would remain attached to the cell within which it was produced. 2. NA prevents newly released virus particles from aggregating to each other, preventing clumping that would reduce dissemination. 3. NA promotes viral penetration of sialic acid-rich mucin that bathes and protects respiratory epithelium through which the virus must spread and replicate. We outline here previous research evidence of two further, albeit hypothetical, functions of NA that together could cause disruption the mucosa-IgA axis, creating localized partial immunosuppressed state, enhancing both influenza infection itself and secondary bacterial pneumonia: 4. IgA provides primary immunoglobulin defense of mucosal surfaces. The hinge region of IgA is normally sialylated. IgA denuded of sialic acid is recognized, bound, and cleared by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Thus, IgA exposed to free NA would be so denuded and have increased hepatic clearance. 5. NA removes sialic acid moieties from mucosa-residing gamma/delta T cells or IgA producing B cells. Previous work indicates desialylation of these lymphocytes' outer cell membrane results in altered homing, to bone marrow, away from mucosa. Currently marketed NA inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are FDA approved in USA for influenza prophylaxis and treatment. These NA inhibitors lower incidence of secondary bacterial infection in cases where an influenza infection occurs despite their use. Moreover, they are ameliorative in patients with secondary bacterial infections treated with antibiotics, a benefit that surpasses the treatment of antibiotics alone. We interpret these last two points as indicating our ascription of localized immunosuppression to influenza's NA could be correct and lead to new treatments of infections generally.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

sialic acid; lung mucosa; lymphocyte; neuraminidase; N-acetyl-neuraminic acid; virulence; immunodeficiency; influenza

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: 12
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.111-119,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Bhatia A

• Ohio State University, Harding Hospital, 1670 Upham Drive, Columbus OH, 43210 USA

autor

Kast R.E.

Bibliografia

• 1. Moscona, A. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (2005) 1363-1367.
• 2. Matrosovich, M.N., Matrosovitch, T.Y., Gray, T, Roberts, N.A. and Klenk, H.D. Neuraminidase is important for the initiation of influenza virus infection in human airway epithelium. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 12665-12667.
• 3. Gubareva, L.V., Kaiser, L. and Hayden, F.G. Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors. Lancet 355 (2000) 827-835.
• 4. Englund, J.A. Antiviral therapy of influenza. Sem. in Ped. Infect. Dis. 13 (2002) 120-128.
• 5. Stiver, G. The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs. CMAJ 168 (2003) 49-57.
• 6. Colman, P.M. A novel approach to antiviral therapy for influenza. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (1999) 17-22.
• 7. Brandtzaeg, P., Farstad, I.N., Johansen, F.E., Morton, H.C., Norderhaug, I.N. and Yamanaka, T. The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands. Immunol. Rev. 171 (1999) 45-87.
• 8. Tomana, M., Kulhavy, R. and Mestecky, J. Receptor-mediated binding and uptake of IgA by human liver. Gastroenterology 94 (1988) 762-770.
• 9. Groh, V., Porcelli, S., Fabbi, M., Lanier, L.L., Picker, L.J., Anderson, T., Warnke, R.A., Bhan, A.K., Strominger, J.L. and Brenner, M.B. Human lymphocyes bearing T cell receptor gamma/delta are phenotypically diverse and evenly distributed throughout the lymphoid system. J. Exp. Med. 169 (1989) 1277-1294.
• 10. Spencer, J., Isaacson, P.G., Diss, T.C. and MacDonald, T.T. Expression of disulfide-linked and non-disulfide-linked forms of the T cell receptor gamma/delta heterodimer in human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 19 (1989) 1335-1338.
• 11. Deusch, K., Luling, F., Reich, K., Classen, M., Wagner, H. and Pfeffer, K.A major fraction of human intraepithelial lymphocytes simultaneously expresses the gamma/delta T cell receptor, the CD8 accessory molecule and preferentially uses the V delta1 gene segment. Eur. J. Immunol. 21 (1991) 1053-1059.
• 12. Jones, W.M., Walcheck, B. and Jutila, M.A. Generation of a new gamma/delta T cell-specific monoclonal antibody (GD3.5). J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 3772-3779.
• 13. Floyd, H., Nitschke, L. and Crocker, P.R. A novel subset of murine B cells that expresses unmasked forms of CD22 is enriched in the bone marrow: Implications for B-cell homing to the bone marrow. Immunology 101 (2000) 342-347.
• 14. Nitschke, L., Floyd, H. and Ferguson, D.J., Identification of CD22 ligands on CD22 bone marrow sinusoidal endothelium implicated in CD22- dependent homing of recirculating B-cells. J. Exp. Med. 189 (1999) 1513- 1518.
• 15. Reinholdt, J., Tomana, M. and Mortensen, S.B. Molecular aspects of IgA degredation by oral streptococci. Infect. Immunol. 58 (1990) 1186-1194.
• 16. Kast R.E. A theory of lymphocyte blast transformation and malignant change based on proteolytic cleavage of the trigger peptide: The detendomer. Oncology 29 (1974) 249-264.
• 17. Kast, R.E. Lymphocytes and cells in malignant transformation. Oncology 32 (1975) 175-189.
• 18. Gronbaek Frandsen, E.V. Bacterial degradation of IgA1 in relation to periodontal disease. APMIS (Suppl) 87 (1999) 1-54.
• 19. King, S.J., Hippe, K.R., Gould, J.M., Bae, D., Peterson, S., Cline, R.T., Fasching, C., Janoff, E.N. and Weiser, J.N. Phase variable desialylation of host proteins that bind to Streptococcus pneumoniae in vivo and protect the airway. Mol. Microbiol. 54 (2004) 159-171.
• 20. Kannagi, R. Regulatory roles of carbohydrate ligands for selectins in the homing of lymphocytes. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 12 (2002) 599-608.
• 21. Glezen, W.P., Payne, A.A. and Snyder, D.N. Mortality and influenza. J. Infect. Dis. 146 (1982) 313-321.
• 22. Simonsen, L, Fukada, K. and Schonberger, L.B. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. J. Infect. Dis. 181 (2000) 831-837.
• 23. Simonsen, L. The global impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality. Vaccine 17 (Suppl 1) (1999) S3-10.
• 24. McCullers, J.A. and Bartmess, K.C. Role of neauraminidase in lethal synergism between influenza virus and streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 187 (2003) 1000-1009.
• 25. McCullers, J.A. Effect of antiviral treatment on the outcome of secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (2004) 519-526.
• 26. Kaiser, L., Wat, C., Mills, T., Mahoney, P., Ward, P. and Hayden, F. Impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (2003) 1667- 1672.
• 27. Kaiser, L., Keene, O.N. and Hammond, J.M. Impact of zanamivir on antibiotic use for respiratory events following acute influenza in adolescents and adults. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 3234-3240.
• 28. Treanor, J.J., Hayden, F.G., Vrooman, P.S., Barbarash, R., Bettis, R., Riff, D., Singh, S., Kinnersley, N., Ward, P. and Mills, R.G. Efficacy and safety of oral neuraminidase Inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 (2000) 1016-1024.
• 29. Monto, A.S., Webster, A. and Keene, O. Randomized, placebo-controlled studies of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of influenza A and B: Pooled efficacy analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (1999) 23-29.
• 30. Peltola, V.T., Murti, K.G. and McCullers, J.A. Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 192 (2005) 249-257.
• 31. Peltola, V.T. and McCullers, J.A. Respiratory viruses predisposing to bacterial infections: role of neuraminidase. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23 ( Suppl.1) (2004) S87-97.
• 32. Yen, H.L., Herlocher, L.M., Hoffmann, E., Matrosovich, M.N., Monto, A.S., Webster, R.G. and Govorkova, E.A. Neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses may differ substantially in fitness and transmissibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 4075-4084.
• 33. Roberts, N. Treatment of influenza with neuraminidase inhibitors: Virological implications. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 356 (2001) 1895-1897.
• 34. Wakai, K., Nakai, S., Matsuo, S., Kawamura, T., Hotta, N., Maeda, K. and Ohno, Y. Risk factors for IgA nephropathy: A case-control study with incident cases in Japan. Nephron 90 (2002) 16-23.
• 35. Xu, L.X. and Zhao, M.H. Aberrantly glycosylated serum IgA1 are closely associated with pathologic phenotypes of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 68 (2005) 167-172.
• 36. Altschuler, E.L., Bhatia, A. and Kast, R.E. Consideration of use of neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir and zanamivir in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 68 (2005) 2910-2911.