Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

• Autorzy: Dzik J
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The dominant factor in faunal succession of conodonts in the Frasnian of Poland is the apparent immigration of species originating allopatrically in other regions. Each immigration event usually changes the population variability of a local species (character displacement). Only a few lineages show their phyletic evolution within the studied area. Attempts to distinguish conodont species on the basis of platform element shape failed in some of the latest Frasnian palmatolepidids. Even at the apparatus−based generic level, certain ramiform elements of the apparatus appear much more diagnostic than the platforms. Correlative value of the late Frasnian palmatolepidids of unknown apparatus structure is thus questionable. The evolution of platform elements in Ancyrodella offers a more solid basis for age determination although their great population variability makes resolution rather low and requires the population approach. The panderodontids Belodella(?) tenuiserrata sp., B. minutidentata sp. nov., B. robustidentata sp. nov., prioniodontid Icriodus kielcensis sp. nov., enigmatic monospecific Playfordiidae fam. nov., prioniodinids Dyminodina planidentata gen. et sp. nov., D. anterodenticulata sp. nov., D. kovalensis sp. nov., Pluckidina kielcensis gen. et sp. nov., P. slupiensis sp. nov., P. robustipegmata sp. nov., and P. lagoviensis sp. nov., derived polygnathid Avignathus bifurcatus sp. nov., probably secondarily simplified polygnathid Nicollidina gen. nov., and palmatolepidids Kielcelepis gen. nov., Lagovilepis gen. nov. and Klapperilepis gen. nov. are proposed.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Ammonoidea; paleobiology; Conodonta; Poland; collapse; population variability; conodont; community; Frasnian; change; Devonian; evolution; Holy Cross Mountains; paleontology; ammonoid

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: 47
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.565-650,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Dzik J

• Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51-55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• Austin, R.L., Orchard, M.J., and Stewart, I.J. 1985. Conodonts of the Devonian System from Great Britain. In: A.C. Higgins and R.L. Austin (eds.), A Stratigraphical Index of Conodonts. 93–166. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester.
• Baliński, A. 1978. Brachiopods and conodonts from the Frasnian of the Dębnik anticline, southern Poland.Palaeontologia Polonica 39: 1–95.
• Bambach, R.K. 2001. Is there a separate class of “mass”extinctions? GSA Annual Meeting, Boston Massachusetts, Abstracts A−141.
• Bartels, C., Briggs, D.E.G., and Brassel, G. 1998. The Fossils of the Hunsrück Slate. 309 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Bassler, R.S. 1925. Classification and stratigraphic use of the conodonts. Geological Society of America Bulletin 36: 218–220.
• Becker, R.T. 1993. Anoxia, eustatic changes, and Upper Devonian to lowermost Carboniferous global ammonoid diversity. In: M.R. House (ed.), The Ammonoidea: Environment, Ecology, and Evolutionary Change. Systematic Association Special Volume 47: 115–163.
• Becker, R.T. and House, M.R. 1993. New Early Upper Devonian (Frasnian) goniatite genera and the evolution of the “Gephurocerataceae”. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E9: 11–133.
• Becker, R.T. and House, M.R. 1994a. Kellwasser Events and goniatite successions in the Devonian of the Montagne Noire with comments on possible causations.Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 169: 45–77.
• Becker, R.T. and House, M.R. 1994b. International Devonian goniatite zonation, Emsian to Givetian, with new records from Morocco. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 169: 79–135.
• Becker, R.T., House, M.R. and Kirchgasser, W.T. 1993. Devonian goniatite biostratigraphy and timing of facies movements in the Frasnian of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. In: E.A. Hailwood and R.B. Kidd (eds.), High Resolution Stratigraphy. Geological Society Special Publications 70: 293–321.
• Becker, R.T., House, M.R., Menner, V.V., and Ovnatanova, N.S. 2000. Revision of ammonoid biostratigraphy in the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of the Southern Timan (northeastern Russian Platform). Acta Geologica Polonica 50: 67–97.
• Bednarczyk, W., Łobanowski, H., Przybyłowicz, T., and Stupnicka, E. 1983. O wieku osadów górnego piętra rzepińskiego w antyklinie wydryszowskiej – Góry Świętokrzyskie. Przegląd Geologiczny 31: 145–152.
• Bełka, Z., Klug, C., Kaufmann, B., Korn, D., Döring, S., Feist, R., and Wendt, J. 1999. Devonian conodont and ammonoid succession of the eastern Tafilalt (Ouidane Chebbi section, Anti−Atlas, Morocco). Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 1–23.
• Belka, Z. and Wendt, J. 1992. Conodont biofacies patterns in the Kellwasser Facies (upper Frasnian/lower Famennian) of the eastern Anti−Atlas, Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 91: 143–173.
• Bensaïd, M. 1974. Étude sur des goniatites á la limite du Dévonien moyen et du Dévonien supérieur du Sud marocain. Notes du Service Géologique du Maroc 36: 81–140.
• Beyrich, H. 1837. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Versteinerungen des Rheinishen Übergangsgebirges. 44 pp. Berlin (fide House and Ziegler 1977).
• Bischoff, G. 1956. Oberdevonische Conodonten (toId) aus dem Rheinischen Schiefergebirge.Notizblatt der hessischen Landesamt der Bodenforschung 84: 115–157
• Bischoff, G. and Ziegler, W. 1957. Die Conodontenchronologie des Mitteldevons und des tiefsten Oberdevons. Abhandlungen des Hessische Landesamt für Bodenforschung 22: 1–136.
• Bischoff, G.C.O. and Argent, J.C. 1990. Lower Devonian (Late Lochkovian–Pragian) limestone stratigraphy and conodont distribution, Waratah Bay, Victoria. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 118: 441–471.
• Boogard, van den, M. 1983. Conodont faunas from Portugal and southwestern Spain. Scripta Geologica 69: 1–17.
• Boogard, van den, M. and Kuhry, B. 1979. Statistical reconstruction of the Palmatolepis apparatus (Late Devonian conodontophorids) at the generic, subgeneric, and specific level. Scripta Geologica 49: 1–57.
• Branson, E.B. and Mehl, M.G. 1933. A study of Hinde’s types of conodonts preserved in the British Museum. Missouri University Studies 8 (2), 133–156.
• Branson, E.B. and Mehl, M.G. 1934. Conodonts from the Grassy Creek shale of Missouri. Missouri University Studies 8 (3), 171–259.
• Branson, E.B. and Mehl, M.G. 1938. The conodont genus Icriodus and its stratigraphic distribution. Journal of Paleontology 12: 156–166.
• Bratton, J.F., Berry, W.B.N., and Morrow, J.R. 1999. Anoxia pre−dates Frasnian–Famennian boundary mass extinction horizon in the Great Basin, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology154: 275–292.
• Bultynck, P. 1974. Conodontes de la Formation de Fromelennes du Givetien de l’Ardenne Franco−Belge. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 50 (10): 1–30.
• Bultynck, P. 1983. Origin and development of the conodont genus Ancyrodella in the late Givetian–Early Frasnian. Fossils and Strata 15: 163–168.
• Bultynck, P. 1987. Pelagic and neritic conodont successions from the Givetian of pre−Sahara Morocco and the Ardennes. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 57: 149–181.
• Bultynck, P. 1989. Conodonts from the La Grange Limestone (Emsian), Armorican Massif, north−western France. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117: 173–203.
• Casier, J.−G., Lethiers, F., and Baudin, F. 1999. Ostracods, organic matter and anoxic events associated with the Frasnian/Famennian boundary in the Schmidt quarry (Germany). Geobios 32: 869–881.
• Casier, J.−G., Devleeschouwer, X., Lethiers, F., Preat, A., and Racki, G. 2000. Ostracods and sedimentology of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary beds in the Kostomłoty section (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 70: 53–74.
• Chlupač, I. and Turek, V. 1983. Devonian goniatites from the Barrandian area, Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Ústředniho ústavu geologického 46: 1–159.
• Clark, D.L., Sweet, W.C., Bergström, S.M., Klapper, G., Austin, R.L., Rhodes, F.H.T., Müller, K.J., Ziegler, W., Lindström, M., Miller, J.F., and Harris, A.G. 1981. Conodonta. In: R.A. Robison (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2. 202 pp. The University of Kansas, Boulder.
• Clarke, J.M. 1898. The Naples fauna (fauna with Manticoceras intumescens) in western New York, Part 1. 16th Annual Report, New York State Geologist, 29–161 (fide Kirchgasser 1975).
• Donoghue, P.C.J. 2001. Conodonts meet cladistics: Recovering relationships and assessing the completeness of the conodont fossil record. Palaeontology 44: 65–93.
• Drevermann, F. 1901. Die Fauna der oberdevonischen Tuffbreccie von Langenaubach bei Haiger. Jahrbuch der Preussische Geologische Landesanstalt 21: 99–207.
• Dybczyński, T. 1913. Amonity górnego dewonu Kielc. Wiadomość tymczasowa. Kosmos 38: 510–525.
• Dzik, J. 1976. Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 21: 395–455.
• Dzik, J. 1981. Wiek formacji skalskiej dewonu świętokrzyskiego. Przegląd Geologiczny 29: 125–128.
• Dzik, J. 1985. Phylogeny of the Nautiloidea. Palaeontologia Polonica 45: 1–219.
• Dzik, J. 1991a. Features of the fossil record of evolution. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 91–113.
• Dzik, J. 1991b. Evolution of oral apparatuses in the conodont chordates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 265–323.
• Dzik. J. 1995. Range−based biostratigraphy and evolutionary geochronology. Palaeopelagos Special Publication 1: 121–128.
• Dzik, J. 1997. Emergence and succession of Carboniferous conodont and ammonoid communities in the Polish part of the Variscan sea. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42: 57–170.
• Dzik, J. 1999. Relationship between rates of speciation and phyletic evolution: Stratophenetic data on pelagic conodont chordates and benthic ostracods. Geobios 32: 205–221.
• Eichenberg, W. 1930. Conodonten aus dem Kulm des Harzes. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 12: 177–182.
• Ethington, R.L. 1959. Conodonts of the Ordovician Galena Formation. Journal of Paleontology 33: 257–292.
• Frech, F. 1902. Über devonische Ammoneen. Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie des Österreich−Ungarns und des Orients 14: 27–112.
• Garcia−López, S. 1986. Basis for the establishment of a new phylogeny of the genus Ancyrodella. Revista Española de Micropaleontología 18: 443–456.
• Garcia−López, S. 1987. Los conodontos y su aplicacion al estudio de la divisiones cronostratigraficas mayores del Devonico Asturleones (España). Boletin Geológico y Minero 97: 1–112.
• Girard, C. and Feist, R. 1997. Eustatic trends in conodont diversity across the Frasnian–Famennian boundary in the stratotype area, Montagne Noire, southern France. Lethaia 29: 329–337.
• Glenister, B. 1958. Upper Devonian ammonoids from the Manticoceras Zone, Fitzroy Basin, Western Australia. Journal of Paleontology 32: 58–96.
• Glenister, B. and Klapper, G. 1966. Upper Devonian conodonts from Canning Basin, Western Australia. Journal of Paleontology 40: 777–842.
• Gong Y.−M., Li B.−H., Wang C.−Y., and Wu Y. 2001. Orbital cyclostratigraphy of the Devonian Frasnian–Famennian transition in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 168: 237–248.
• Gouwy, S. and Bultynck, P. 2000. Graphic correlation of Frasnian sections (Upper Devonian) in the Ardennes, Belgium. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 70: 25–52.
• Göddertz, B. 1987. Devonische Goniatiten aus SW−Algerien und ihre stratigraphische Einordnung in die Conodonten−Abfolge. Palaeontographica A 197: 127–220.
• Gürich, G. 1896. Das Paläozoicum im polnischen Mittelgebirge. Verhandlungen der Russisch−kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg Serie 2, 32: 1–539.
• Hallam, A. and Wignall, P.B. 1999. Mass extinctions and sea−level changes. Earth−Science Reviews 48: 217–250.
• Helms, J. 1963. Zur “Phylogenese” und Taxionomie von Palmatolepis (Conodontida, Ober−Devon). Geologie 12: 449–485.
• House, M.R. 1965. A study in the Tornoceratidae: The succession of Tornoceras and related genera in the North American Devonian. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 250: 79–130.
• House, M.R. 1978. Devonian ammonoids from the Appalachians and their bearing on international zonation and correlation. Special Papers in Palaeontology 21: 1–70.
• House, M.R. 2002. Strength, timing, setting and cause of mid−Palaeozoic extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology181: 5–25.
• House, M.R. and Becker, R.T. 1999. The phylogeny of pharciceratids and their relatives (Ammonoidea, Anarcestida; Late Givetian to Middle Frasnian). In: K. Histon (ed.), V International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past, Vienna 6–9th September 1999, Abstract Volume, p. 51. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 46, Vienna.
• House, M. and Ziegler, W. 1977. The goniatite and conodont sequences in the early Upper Devonian at Adorf, Germany. Geologica et Palaeontologica 11: 69–108.
• House, M., Kirchgasser, W.T., Price, J.D., and Wade, G. 1985. Goniatites from Frasnian (Upper Devonian) and adjacent strata of the Montagne Noire. Hercynica 1: 1–21.
• House, M. and Price, J.D. 1985. New Late Devonian genera and species of tornoceratid goniatites. Palaeontology 28: 159–188.
• Huddle, J.W. 1968. Redescription of Upper Devonian conodont genera and species proposed by Ulrich and Bassler in 1926. Geological Survey Professional Paper 578: 1–55.
• Jeppson, L. 1969. Notes on some Upper Silurian multielement conodonts. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 91: 12–24.
• Ji Qiang 1989a. On the Frasnian conodont biostratigraphy in the Guilin area of Guangxi, South China.Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117: 303–319.
• Ji Qiang 1989b. On the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction event in South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117: 275–301.
• Ji Qiang and Ziegler, W. 1993. The Lali section: An excellent reference section for Upper Devonian in South China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 157: 1–183.
• Joachimski, M.M., Ostertag−Henning, C., Pancost, R.D., Strauss, H., Freeman, K.H., Littke, R., Damste, J.S.S., and Racki, G. 2001. Water column anoxia, enhanced productivity and concomitant changes in delta C−13 and delta S−34 across the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Kowala Holy Cross Mountains/Poland). Chemical Geology 175: 109–131.
• Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., and Sandberg, C.A. 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96: 567–587.
• Khodalevich, A.N. and Chernich, V.V. 1973. Conodonts from Givetian deposits of the eastern slope of the southern Urals [in Russian]. Trudy Sverdlovskogo Gornogo Instituta 93: 27–41 (fide Clark et al. 1981).
• Kirchgasser, W.T. 1975. Revision of Probeloceras Clarke, 1898 and related ammonoids from the Upper Devonian of western New York. Journal of Paleontology 49: 58–90.
• Kirchgasser, W.T. 1994. Early morphotypes of Ancyrodella rotundiloba at the Middle/Upper Devonian boundary, Genesee Formation, west−central New York. In: E. Landing (ed.), Studies in Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Honour of Donald W. Fischer. New York State Museum Bulletin 481: 117–134.
• Klapper, G. 1971. Sequence within the conodont genus Polygnathus in the New York lower Middle Devonian. Geologica et Palaeontologica 5: 59–79.
• Klapper, G. 1985. Sequence in conodont genus Ancyrodella in lower asymmetricus Zone (earliest Frasnian, Upper Devonian) of the Montagne Noire, France. Palaeontographica A 188: 19–34.
• Klapper, G. 1988. The Montagne Noire Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont succession. In: N.J. McMillan, A.F. Embry, and D.J. Glass (eds.), Devonian of the World Volume III: Paleontology, Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoir 14: 449–468.
• Klapper, G. 1990. Frasnian species of the Late Devonian conodont genus Ancyrognathus. Journal of Paleontology 64: 998–1025.
• Klapper, G. and Barrick, J.E. 1983. Middle Devonian (Eifelian) conodonts from the Spillville Formation in northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 57: 1212–1243.
• Klapper, G. and Becker, R.T. 1999. Comparison of Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont zonations. Bolletino della Societá Paleontologica Italiana 37: 339–348.
• Klapper, G. and Foster, C.T., Jr. 1993. Shape analysis of Frasnian species of the Devonian conodont genus Palmatolepis. The Paleontological Society Memoir 32: 1–35.
• Klapper, G. and Johnson, D.B. 1975. Sequence in conodont genus Polygnathus in Lower Devonian at Lone Mountain, Nevada. Geologica et Palaeontologica 9: 65–83.
• Klapper, G., Kuz’min, A.V., and Ovnatanova, N.S. 1996. Upper Devonian conodonts from the Timan−Pechora region, Russia, and correlation with a Frasnian composite standard. Journal of Paleontology 70: 131–152.
• Klapper, G. and Lane, H.R. 1985. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodonts of the Polygnathus biofacies, N.W.T., Canada. Journal of Paleontology 59: 904–951.
• Klapper, G. and Philip, G.M. 1971. Devonian conodont apparatuses and their vicarious skeletal elements. Lethaia 4: 429–452.
• Klapper, G. and Philip, G.M. 1972. Familial classification of reconstructed Devonian conodont apparatuses. Geologica et Palaeontologica SB 1: 97–114.
• Klapper, G, Feist R., Becker, R.T., and House, M.R. 1994. Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage boundary. Episodes 16: 433–441.
• Kłossowski, J. 1985. Sedymentacja środkowego dewonu w regionie łysogórskim (profil Świętomarz/Śniadka). Przegląd Geologiczny 33: 264–267.
• Korn, D. 1999. Phylogeny of Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids. In: K. Histon (ed.), V International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past, Vienna 6–9th September 1999, Abstract Volume, p. 62. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 46, Vienna.
• Korn, D. and Wunderlich, K. 1982. Ammonoideen aus der Pharciceras—Zone (Oberdevon 1a) von Wuppertal. Jahresberichte der naturwissenschftliche Verein Wuppertal 35: 89–95.
• Kościelniakowska, O. 1962. Zespół faunistyczny łupków klimeniowych ze Wzdołu (Góry Świętokrzyskie). In: E. Passendorfer (ed.), Księga pamiątkowa ku czci profesora Jana Samsonowicza, 229–238. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa.
• Kościelniakowska, O. 1967. Dewon górny w północnej części Gór Świętokrzyskich. Biuletyn Wydziału Geologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 8: 54–118.
• Kralick, J.A. 1994. The conodont genus Ancyrodella in the middle Genesee Formation (lower Middle Devonian, Frasnian) western New York. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1384–1395.
• Kullmann, J., Korn, D., and Petersen, M.S. 1994. GONIAT V2.41. Paleozoic Ammonoids Database. Universität Tübingen.
• Lane, H.R. and Ormiston, A.R. 1979. Siluro–Devonian biostratigraphy of the Salmontrout River area, east−central Alaska. Geologica et Palaeontologica 13: 39–96.
• Lange, F.G. 1968. Conodonten−Gruppenfunde aus Kalken des tieferen Oberdevon. Geologica et Palaeontologica Sonderband 1: 97–114.
• Lazreq, N. 1999. Biostratigraphie des conodontes du Givétien au Famennien du Maroc central – biofaciés et événement Kellwasser. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 214: 1–111.
• Lys, M., Serre, B. and Deroo, G. 1957. Études micropaléontologiques dans le Paléozoique de la Montagne Noire (foraminifères, conodontes, etc.). Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole et Annales des Combustibles Liquides 12: 783–833.
• Makowski, H. 1963. Problem of sexual dimorphism in ammonites. Palaeontologia Polonica 12: 1–92.
• Makowski, H. 1971. A contribution to the knowledge of Upper Devonian ammonoids from the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 21: 131–136.
• Malec, J. 1990. Nowe dane o dewonie Bukowej Góry. Kwartalnik geologiczny 34: 559–560.
• Malec, J. and Turnau, E. 1997. Middle Devonian conodont, ostracod and miospore stratigraphy of the Grzegorzowice−Skały section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences 45: 67–86.
• Matern, H. 1931. Das Oberdevon der Dill−Mulde. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge 134: 1–139.
• Matyja, H. 1993. Upper Devonian of western Pomerania. Acta Geologica Polonica 43: 27–94.
• Matyja, H. and Narkiewicz, M. 1992. Conodont biofacies succession near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary, some Polish examples. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 154: 125–147.
• Matyja, H. and Narkiewicz, M. 1995. Conodont stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian in the Janczyce 1 borehole section, eastern Holy Cross Mts. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 39: 177–206.
• Mawson, R. 1993. Bipennatus, a new genus of mid−Devonian conodonts. Memoirs of the Association of the Australasian Palaeontologists 15: 137–140.
• Mawson, R. and Talent, J.A. 1989. Late Emsian–Givetian stratigraphy and conodont biofacies—carbonate slope and offshore shoal to sheltered lagoon and nearshore carbonate ramp—Broken River, North Queensland, Australia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117: 205–259.
• McGhee, G.R. 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction: The Frasnian/Famennian Crisis. 303 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Metzger, R.A. 1994. Multielement reconstructions of Palmatolepis and Polygnathus (Upper Devonian, Famennian) from the Canning Basin, Australia, and Bactrian Mountains, Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 68: 617–647.
• Miller, A.K. and Youngquist, W. 1947. Conodonts from the type section of the Sweetland Creek Shale in Iowa. Journal of Paleontology 21: 501–517.
• Miłaczewski, L. 1972. Znalezisko Manticoceras adorfense Wedekind a problemy dewonu górnego na Lubelszczyźnie. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 16: 576–585.
• Müller, K.J. 1956. Zur Kenntins der Conodonten−Fauna des europäischen Devons, 1; Die Gattung Palmatolepis. Abhandlungen des Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft 494: 1–70.
• Müller, K.J. and Müller, E.M. 1957. Early Upper Devonian (Independence) conodonts from Iowa, pt. 1. Journal of Paleontology 31: 1069–1108.
• Müller, K.J. and Müller, E.M. 1957. Early Upper Devonian (Independendence) conodonts from Iowa, part I. Journal of Paleontology 31: 1069–1108.
• Narkiewicz, M. 1978. Stratygrafia i rozwój facjalny górnego dewonu między Olkuszem a Zawierciem. Acta Geologica Polonica 28: 415–470.
• Narkiewicz, M. 1989. Turning points in sedimentary development in the Late Devonian in southern Poland. In: N.J. McMillan, A.F. Embry, and D.J. Glass (eds.), Devonian of the World. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoir 14−II: 619–635.
• Narkiewicz, M. and Narkiewicz, K. 1992. Transgressive pulse in the Upper Frasnian of the Janczyce I section (Holy Cross Mts): sedimentology and conodont biofacies. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 36: 281–304.
• Nicoll, R.S. 1985. Multielement composition of the conodont species Polygnathus xylus Stauffer 1940 and Ozarkodina brevis (Bischoff and Ziegler 1957) from the Upper Devonian of the Canning Basin, western Australia. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 9: 133–147.
• Olempska, E. 2002. The Late Devonian Upper Kellwasser Event and entomozoacean ostracods in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 247–266.
• Over, D.J. and Rhodes, M.K. 2000. Conodonts from the Upper Olentangy Shale (Upper Devonian, central Ohio) and stratigraphy across the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. Journal of Paleontology 74: 101–112.
• Ovnatanova, N.S. 1976. New Late Devonian conodonts of the Russian Platform. Paleontological Journal 10: 210–219.
• Philip, G.M. and McDonald, L. 1975. A provisional phylogeny for some reconstructed Late Devonian polygnathid conodont apparatuses. Alcheringa 1: 97–107.
• Poty, E. 1999. Famennian and Tournaisian recoveries of shallow water Rugosa following late Frasnian and late Strunian major crises, southern Belgium and surrounding areas, Hunan (South China) and the Omolon region (NE Siberia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154: 11–26
• Purnell, M.A. 1993. The Kladognathus apparatus (Conodonta, Carboniferous): homologies with ozarkodinids, and the prioniodinid Bauplan. Journal of Paleontology 67: 875–882.
• Purnell, M.A. and Bitter, P.H. von 1992. Vogelgnathus Norbz and Rexroad (Conodonta): new species from the Lower Carboniferous of Atlantic Canada and northern England. Journal of Paleontology 66: 311–332.
• Purnell, M.A., Donoghue, P.C.J., and Aldridge, R.J. 2000. Orientation and anatomical notation in conodonts. Journal of Paleontology 74: 113–122.
• Quenstedt, F.A. 1846–1849. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Bd. 1 Cephalopoden. 580 pp. Tübingen (fide Kullmann et al. 1994).
• Racki, G. 1985. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Givetian/Frasnian boundary beds at Kostomłoty in the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 35: 265–288.
• Racki, G. 1990. Frasnian/Famennian event in the Holy Cross Mts., central Poland: Stratigraphical and ecologic aspects. In: E.G. Kauffman and O.H. Walliser (eds.), Extinction Events in Earth History, 169–181. Springer (Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 30), Berlin.
• Racki, G. 1993. Evolution of the bank to reef complex in the Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 87–182.
• Racki, G. 1998. Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis: undervaluated tectonic control? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology141: 177–198.
• Racki, G. 1999. Silica−secreting biota and mass extinctions: survival patterns and processes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154: 107–132.
• Racki, G. and Baliński, A. 1998. Late Frasnian Atrypida (Brachiopoda) from Poland and the Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43: 273–304.
• Racki, G. and Bultynck, P. 1993. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Devonian boundary beds in the Kielce area of the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 43: 1–25.
• Racki, G., Głuchowski, E., and Malec, J. 1985. The Givetian to Frasnian succession at Kostomłoty in the Holy Cross Mts., and its regional significance. Bulletin of thePolish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences 33: 159–171.
• Racki, G., Makowski, I., Mikłas, J, and Gawlik, S. 1993. Brachiopod biofacies in the Frasnian reef−complexes: an example from the Holy Cross Mts. Poland. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach, Geologia 12/13: 64–109.
• Racki, G. and Szulczewski, M. 1996. Stop 4. Kowala railroad cut and quarry. Stop 5. Wietrznia quarry. In: M. Szulczewski and S. Skompski (eds.), Sixth European Conodont Symposium (ECOS VI), Excursion Guide, 27–41. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, Warszawa.
• Racki, G., Racka, M., Matyja, H., and Devleeschouwer, X. 2002. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval in the South Polish−Moravian shelf basins: integrated event−stratigraphical approach. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181: 251–297.
• Renaud, S. and Girard, C. 1999. Strategies of survival during extreme environmental perturbations: evolution of conodonts in response to the Kellwasser crisis (Upper Devonian). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 146: 19–32.
• Rexroad, C.B. and Furnish, W.M. 1964. Conodonts from the Pella formation (Mississippian), south−central Iowa. Journal of Paleontology38: 667–676.
• Rexroad, C.B. and Varker, W.J. 1992. The new Mississippian conodont genus Syncladognathus. Journal of Paleontology 66: 165–10.
• Sandberg, C.A. and Dreesen, R. 1984. Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternative shallow−water conodont zonation. Geological Society of America Special Paper 196: 143–178.
• Sandberg, C.A., Ziegler, W., Dreesen, R., and Butler, J.E. 1988. Late Frasnian mass extinction: conodont event stratigraphy, global changes, and possible causes. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 102: 267–303.
• Sandberg, C.A., Ziegler, W., and Bultynck, P. 1989. New standard conodont zones and early Ancyrodella phylogeny across Middle−Upper Devonian boundary. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 110: 195–230.
• Sandberger, G. and Sandberger, F. 1849–1856. Systematische Beschreibung und Abbildung der Versteinerungen des Rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau. 564 pp. Wiesbaden.
• Sanneman, D. 1955. Oberdevonische Conodonten (to IIá). Senckenbergiana lethaea 36: 123–156.
• Savage, N.M. and Funai, C.A. Devonian conodonts of probable Early Frasnian age from the Coronados Islands of southeastern Alaska. Journal of Paleontology 54: 806–813.
• Schindler, E., Schülke, I., and Ziegler, W. 1998. The Frasnian/Famennian boundary at the Sessacker Trench section near Oberscheld (Dill Syncline, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany). Senckenbergiana lethaea 77: 243–261.
• Schülke, I. 1995. Evolutive Prozesse bei Palmatolepisin der frühen Famenne−Stufe (Conodonts, Ober−Devon). Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie 67: 1–108.
• Schülke, I. 1996. Evolution of early Famennian ancyrognathids (Conodonta, Late Devonian). Geologica et Palaeontologica 30: 33–47.
• Schülke, I. 1998. Conodont community structure around the “Kellwasser mass extinction event” (Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval). Senckenbergiana lethaea 77: 97–99.
• Schülke, I. 1999. Conodont multielement reconstructions from the early Famennian (Late Devonian) of the Montagne Noire (southern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica SB 3: 1–123.
• Sobolew, D. [Sobolev, D.] 1909. Middle Devonian of the Kielce–Sandomierz upland [in Russian]. Materialy dla geologii Rossii 24: 41–536.
• Sobolew, D. [Sobolev, D.] 1914. Comments on the phylogeny of goniatites [in Russian]. Izviestiâ Varšavskogo Politehničeskogo Instituta 1914: 1–70.
• Sparling, D.R. 1981. Middle Devonian conodont apparatuses with seven types of elements. Journal of Paleontology 55: 295–306.
• Sparling, D.R. 1999. Conodonts from the Prout Dolomite of north−central Ohio and Givetian (upper Middle Devonian) correlation problems. Journal of Paleontology 73: 892–907.
• Stauffer, C.R. 1938. Conodonts of the Olentangy Shale. Journal of Paleontology 12: 48–53.
• Streel, M., Caputo, M.V., Loboziak, S., and Melo, J.H.G. 2000. Late Frasnian–Famennian climates based on palynomorph analyses and the question of the Late Devonian glaciations. Earth−Science Reviews 52: 121–173.
• Sweet, W.C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, Taxonomy, Paleoecology, and Evolutionary History of a Long−Extinct Animal Phylum. 212 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Szulczewski, M. 1971. Upper Devonian conodonts, stratigraphy and facial development of the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 21: 1–129.
• Szulczewski, M. 1972. Interspecific relation of some Upper Devonian polygnathid conodonts. Acta Geologica Polonica 22: 449–458.
• Szulczewski, M. 1989. Światowe i regionalne zdarzenia w zapisie stratygraficznym pogranicza franu z famenem. Przegląd Geologiczny 37: 551–557.
• Szulczewski, M. 1993. Kamieniołom Bukowa Góra. In: S. Skompski and M. Szulczewski (eds.), Cykle sedymentacyjne a cykliczność procesów przyrodniczych. Metodyka, sedymentologia, stratygrafia. Przewodnik wycieczkowy Bukowa Góra–Skały, 5–9. Instytut Geologii Podstawowej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa.
• Szulczewski, M. 1995. Depositional evolution of the Holy Cross Mts. in the Devonian and Carboniferous – a review. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 39: 471–488.
• Talent, J.A., Gaetani, M., Mawson, R., Molloy, P.D., and Conaghan, P.J. 1999. Early Ordovician and Devonian conodonts from the western Korakoram and Hindu Kush, northernmost Pakistan. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 105: 201–230.
• Talent, J.A. and Mawson, R. 1994. Conodonts in relation to age and environmental framework of the Burdekin Basin (Mid−Devonian), north−eastern Australia.Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168: 61–81.
• Turnau, E. and Racki, G. 1999. Givetian palynostratigraphy and palynofacies: new data from the Bodzentyn Syncline (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 106: 237–271.
• Ulrich, E.O. and Bassler, R.S. 1926. A classification of the toothlike fossils, conodonts, with descriptions of American Devonian and Mississippian species. U.S. National Museum Proceedings 68 (12): 1–63 (fide Clark et al. 1981).
• Uyeno, T.T. 1967. Conodont zonation, Waterways Formation (Upper Devonian), north−eastern and central Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67−30: 1–21.
• Vandelaer, E., Vandormael, C., and Bultynck, P. 1989. Biofacies and refinement of conodont succession in the Lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of the type area (Frasnes–Nismes, Belgium). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 117: 321–351.
• Veevers, J.L. and Powell, C.M. 1987. Late Paleozoic glacial episodes in Gondwanaland reflected in transgression−regresion depositional sequences in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98: 475–487.
• Vishnevskaya, V., Pisera, A., and Racki, G. 2002. Siliceous biota (radiolarian and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis): the Polish reference. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 211–226.
• Walliser, O.H. 1996. Global events in the Devonian and Carboniferous. In: O.H. Walleiser (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, 225–250. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
• Walliser, O.H., Groos−Uffenorde, H., Schindler, E., and Ziegler, W. 1989. On the Upper Kellwasser Horizon (boundary Frasnian/Famennian). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 110: 247–256.
• Wang, C.−Y. 1994. Application of the Frasnian standard conodont zonation in South China.Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168: 83–129.
• Weary, D.J. and Harris, A.G. 1994. Early Frasnian (Late Devonian) conodonts from the Harrell Shale, western foreland fold−and−thrust belt, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania Appalachians, U.S.A. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168: 195–225.
• Weddige, K. and Ziegler, W. 1979. Evolutionary patterns in Middle Devonian conodont generaPolygnathus and Icriodus.Geologica et Palaeontologica 13: 157–174.
• Wedekind, R. 1913. Die Goniatitenkalke des unteren Oberdevon von Martenberg bei Adorf. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1: 1–77.
• Wedekind, R. 1918. Die Genera der Palaeoammonoidea (Goniatiten). Palaeontographica 62: 85–184.
• Wendt, J. and Belka, Z. 1991. Age and depositional environment of Upper Devonian (Early Frasnian to Early Famennian) black shales and limestones (Kellwasser Facies) in the eastern Anti−Atlas, Morocco. Facies 25: 51–90.
• Wittekindt, H.P. 1966. Zur Conodonten Chronologie des Mitteldevons. Fortschritte der Geologie der Rheinland und Westfalen 9: 621–646.
• Wolska, Z. 1967. Górno−dewońskie konodonty z południowo−zachodniego regionu GórŚwiętokrzyskich.ActaPalaeontologicaPolonica12:363–435.
• Yazdi, M. 1999. Late Devonian–Carboniferous conodonts from eastern Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 105: 1–13.
• Yolkin, E.A., Weddige, K., Izokh, N.G., and Erina, M.Y. 1994. New Emsian conodont zonation (Lower Devonian). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168: 139–157.
• You X.−L. 2000. Famennian tentaculitids of China. Journal of Paleontology 74: 969–975.
• Youngquist, W.L. 1945. Upper Devonian conodonts from the Independence Shale (?) of Iowa. Journal of Paleontology 19: 355–367.
• Youngquist, W. and Peterson, R.F. 1947. Conodonts from the Sheffield Formation of north−central Iowa. Journal of Paleontology 21: 242–253.
• Ziegler, P.A. 1990. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe. 239 + 56 pp. Shell, Avon.
• Ziegler, W. 1958. Conodontenfeinstratigraphische Untersuchungen an der Grenze Mitteldevon/Oberdevon und in der Adorfstufe. Notizblatt des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 87: 7–77.
• Ziegler, W. 1962. Taxionomie und Phylogenie Oberdevonischer Conodonten und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 38: 1–166.
• Ziegler, W., Klapper, G., and Johnson, J.G. 1976. Redefinition and subdivision of the varcus−Zone (conodonts, Middle−?Upper Devonian) in Europe and North America. Geologica et Palaeontologica 10: 109–140.
• Ziegler, W. and Sandberg, C.A. 1990. The Late Devonian standard conodont zonation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 121: 5–115.