Biodiversity and energy transfer to top trophic levels in two contrasting Arctic fjords

• Autorzy: Weslawski J M , Kwasniewski S. , Stempniewicz L. , Blachowiak-Samolyk K.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The food and foraging strategy of fifteen species of seabirds and sea mammals from two high Arctic fjords were analysed. One of the fjords, Kongsfjord, is strongly influenced by warm waters from the Atlantic, while Hornsund is of a more Arctic character. Prey species in the Atlantic waters were more diverse (82 species and 16 functional groups) compared to those of Arctic waters (67 prey species and 14 functional groups). The consumption of top predators from Hornsund in the peak season of July was estimated at 2.86*106 MJ, while that in Kongsfjord was 1.35*106 MJ. For the analysed function of the ecosystem (the transfer of energy to the top trophic levels) the specific character of prey species is of key importance and not the diversity, abundance or biomass per se. Lower species diversity and biomass in Arctic waters is compensated for by the occurrence of larger individuals of these species, which permits top predators to prey directly on lower trophic levels.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Arctic; climate change; biodiversity; energy transfer; top trophic level; Arctic fjord; fjord; ecosystem function; sea bird; food; bird; foraging strategy; mammal; sea mammal

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Polar Research
• Rocznik: 2006
• Tom: 27
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.259-278,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Weslawski J M

• Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

autor

Kwasniewski S.

autor

Stempniewicz L.

autor

Blachowiak-Samolyk K.

Bibliografia

• Anker-Nilssen T., Bakken V., Størm H., Golovkin A.N., Bianki V.V. and Tatarinkova I.P. 2000. The status of marine birds breeding in the Barents Sea region. Norsk Polarinstitutt Rapport 113: 1-213.
• Barrett R.T., Anker-Nilssen T., Gabrielsen G.W. and Chapdelaine G. 2002. Food consumption by seabirds in Norwegian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 43-57.
• Barret R.T., Bakken V. and Krasnov Y. 1997. The diets of common and Brunnich's guillemots Uria aalgae and Uria lomvia in the Barents Sea. Polar Research 16: 73-84.
• Beaugrand G., Reid P.C., Ibanez F., Lindlay J.A. and Edwards M. 2002. Reorganisation of North Atlantic marine copepod biodiversity and climate. Science 296: 168-170.
• Beszczyńska-Möller A., Węsławski J.M., Walczowski W. and Zajączkowski M. 1997. Estimation of glacial meltwater discharge into Svalbard coastal waters. Oceanologia 39: 289- 298.
• Blacker R.W. 1957. Benthic animals as indicators of hydrological conditions and climatic changes in Svalbard waters. Fisheries Investigations 2: 1-49.
• Bolam S.G., Fernandes T.F. and Huxham M. 2002. Diversity, biomass and ecosystem processes in the marine benthos. Ecological Monographs 72: 599-615.
• Brattegard T. and Holthe T. 1997. Distribution of marine benthic macro-organisms in Norway. A tabulated catalogue. Research Report for DN 1997-1, Trondheim: 1-409.
• Chapelle G. and Peck L.S. 1999. Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability. Nature 399: 114-115.
• Clarke A. 1979. On living in cold water: K strategies in Antarctic benthos. Marine Biology 55: 111-119.
• Clarke A. 1991. What is polar adaptation and how we should measure it ? American Zoologist 3: 81-92.
• Costello M.J., Emblow C. and White C. (eds) 2001. European Register of Marine Species. Patrimoines naturels 50: 463 pp.
• DALPADADO P., Ingvaldsen R. and Hassel A. 2003. Zooplankton biomass variation in relation to climatic conditions in the Barents Sea. Polar Biology 26: 233-241.
• Duffy J.E. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. OIKOS 99:201-219.
• Dunbar M.J. 1957. The determinants of production in northern seas. A study on the biology of Themisto libellula. Canadian Journal of Zoology 35: 797-819.
• Dunbar M.J. 1968. Polar Ecosystems. Study in evolution. Prentice Hall Inc.: 1-198.
• Edvardsen A., Tande K.S. and Slagstad D. 2003. The importance of advection on production of Calanus finmarchicus in the Atlantic part of the Barents Sea. Sarsia 88: 261-273.
• Eilertsen H.C, Taasen J.P. and Węsławski J.M. 1989. Phytoplankton studies in the fjords of West Spitsbergen: physical environment and production in spring and summer. Journal of Plankton Research 11: 1245-1260.
• Emmerson M.C. and Raffaelli D.G. 2000. Detecting the effects of diversity on measures of ecosystem function: experimental design, null models and empirical observations. OIKOS 91: 195-203.
• Emmerson M.C., Solan M., Emes C., Paterson D.M. and RAFFAELLI D. 2001. Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. Nature 411: 73-77.
• Falk-Petersen S., Hopkins C.C.E. and Sargent J.R. 1990. Trophic relationships in the pelagic, Arctic food web. In: M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson (eds) Trophic relationships in the marine environment. Aberdeen University Press: 315-333.
• GJOSAETER H. 1995. Pelagic fish and ecological impact of the modern fishing industry in the Barents Sea. Arctic 48: 267-278.
• Gray J.S. 2001. Marine diversity: the paradigms in patterns of species richness examined. Scientia Marina 65: 41-56.
• Gulliksen B. 1984. Under-ice fauna from Svalbard waters. Sarsia 69: 17-23.
• Gulliksen B., Palerud R., Brattegard T. and Sneli J. 1999. Distribution of marine benthic macro-organisms at Svalbard (including Bear Island) and Jan Mayen. Research Report for DN 1999-4. Directorate for Nature Management, Trondheim: 1-148.
• Hargrave B.T. 1985. Feeding rates of abyssal scavenging amphipods (Eurythenes gryllus) determined in situ by time-lapse photography. Deep Sea Research 32: 443-450.
• Hartley C.H. and Fisher J. 1936. The marine foods of birds in an inland fjord region in West Spitzbergen. Journal of Animal Ecology 5: 370-389.
• Hop H., Pearson T., Hegseth E.N., Kovacs K.M., Wiencke C., Kwaśniewski S., Eiane K., Mehlum F., Gulliksen B., Włodarska-Kowalczuk M., Lydersen C., Węsławski J.M., Cochrane S., Gabrielsen G.W., Leakey R.J.G., Lønne O.J., Zajączkowski M., Falk-Petersen S., Kendall M., Wangberg S.A., Bischof K., Voronkov A.Y., Koval- tchouk N.A., Wiktor J., Poltermann M., Diprisco G. and Papucci C. 2002. The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Polar Research 2: 67-208.
• Hunt G.L., Jr 1991. Marine birds and ice-influenced environments of polar oceans. Journal of Marine Systems 2: 233-240.
• Johannessen O.M., Shalina E.V. and Miles M. 1999. Satellite evidence for an Arctic Sea Ice cover in transfer. Science 286: 1937-1939.
• Karl D.M., Bidigare R.R. and Letelier R.M. 2001. Long-term changes in plankton community structure and productivity in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: the domain shift hypothesis. Deep Sea Research part II48: 1449-1470.
• Karnovsky N.J., Kwaśniewski S., Węsławski J.M., Walkusz W. and Beszczyńska-Möller A. 2003. Foraging behaviour of little auks in a heterogenous environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 289-303.
• Klekowski R.Z.K. and Węsławski J.M. 1990. Atlas of the marine fauna of southern Spitsbergen. Vol. 1 Vertebrates. Ossolineum, Wrocław: 308 pp.
• Knox G.A. 1994. Ecosystem change resulting from Exploitation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 349-355.
• Koszteyn J. and Kwaśniewski S. 1989. Comparison of fjord and shelf mesozooplankton communities of the southern Spitsbergen region. Rapportes de Conseil Exploration de la Mer 188:164-169.
• Koszteyn J., Timofeev S., Węsławski J.M. and Malinga B. 1995. Size structure of Themisto abyssorum Boeck and Themisto libellula (Mandt) populations in European Arctic seas. Polar Biology 15: 85-92.
• Kwaśniewski S., Hop H., Falk-Petersen S. and Pedersen G. 2003. Distribution of Calanus species in Kongsfjord, a glacial fjord in Svalbard. Journal of Plankton Research 25: 1-20.
• Legeżyńska J. 2001. Distribution patterns and feeding strategies of lysianassoid amphipods in shallow waters of an Arctic fjord. Polish Polar Research 22: 173-186.
• Loeng H. 1991. Features of the physical oceanographic conditions of the Barents Sea. Polar Research 10: 5-18.
• Lønne O.J. and Gulliksen B. 1989. Size, age and diet of polar cod, Boreogadus saida (Lepechin 1773), in ice covered waters. Polar Biology 9: 187-191.
• Loreau M., Naeem S., Inchausti P., Bengtsson J., Grime J.P., Hector A., Hooper D.U., Huston M.A., Raffaelli D., Schmid B., Tilman D. and Wardle D.A. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294: 804-808.
• Lydersen Ch., Gjertz I. and Węsławski J.M. 1989. Stomach contents of autumn feeding marine vertebrates from Hornsund, Svalbard. Polar Record 25: 107-114.
• Marshall J., Kushner Y., Battisti D., Chang P., Czaja A., Dickson R., Hurrel J., McCartney M., Saravanan R. and Visbeck M. 2001. North Atlantic climate variability; phenomena, impacts and mechanisms. International Journal of Climatology 21: 1863-1898.
• Masłowski W., Marble D.C., Walczowski W. and Semtner A.J. 2001. On large scale shifts in the Arctic Ocean and sea ice conditions during 1979-1998. Annales of Glaciology 33: 345-550.
• Mehlum F. and GABRIELSEN G.W. 1993. The diet of high Arctic seabirds in coastal and ice-covered, pelagic areas near the Svalbard archipelago. Polar Research 11: 1-20.
• Mehlum F. and Gabrielsen G.W. 1995. Energy expenditure and food consumption by seabird populations in the Barents Sea region. In: H.R. Skjoldal etal. (eds) Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 457-470.
• Mehlum F., Hunt G.L., Decker M. and NORDLUND N. 1998. Hydrographic features, cetaceans and the foraging of Thick-billed murres and other marine birds in the northwestern Barents Sea. Arctic 51: 243-252.
• Mumm N. 1991. On the summerly distribution of mesozooplankton in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean. Berichte zur Polarforschung 92: 1-146.
• Osiński R., BESZCZYŃSKA-MÖLLER A. and Goszczko I. 2003. ADCP - referenced geostrophic velocity and transport in the West Spitsbergen Current. Oceanologia 45: 425-435.
• Oug E. 2000. The marine benthic fauna in the region ofTromsø; northern Norway, with particular reference to bristle worms (Annelida; Polychaeta). Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, PhD thesis introduction: 31 pp.
• Palmer M.A., Covich A.P., Finlay B.J., Gilbert J., Hyde K., Johnson R., Kairesalom T., Lake S., Lovell C. and Naiman R. 1997. Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in freshwater sediments. Ambio 26: 571-577.
• Piechura J. and WALCZOWSKI W. 1995. The Arctic front. Structure and dynamics. Oceanologia 37: 47-73.
• Sainte-Marie B. 1991. A review of the reproductive bionomics of aquatic gammaridean amphipods: variation of life history traits with latitude, depth, salinity and superfamily. Hydrobiologia 223: 189-227.
• Sakshaug E., Bjørge A., Gulliksen B., LOENG H. and Mehlum F. 1992. Økosystem Barentshavet. (The Barents Sea ecosystem). Norwegian Research Council and Ministry of Environment: 304 pp.
• Sirenko B.I. (ed.) 2001. List of species of free living invertebrates of Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent deep waters. Exploration of the fauna of the seas 51 (59): 1-129.
• Skjoldal H.R., GJOSAETER H. and LOENG H. 1992. The Barents Sea ecosystem in the 1980s: ocean, climate, plankton and capelin growth. ICES Marine ScienceSymposia 195: 278-290.
• Smith K.L. and Baldwin R.J. 1984. Vertical distribution of the necrophagous amphipod Eury- thenes gryllus in the North Pacific. Spatial and temporal variation. Deep Sea Research 31 10A: 1179-1196.
• Snelgrove P.V.R., Austen M., Garey J.R., Hawkins S.J., Iliffe T., Kneib R.T., Levin L.A., Węsławski J.M. and Whitlatch R.B. 2004. Ecosystem Services Provided by Marine Sedimentary Biota and Their Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Disturbance. In: D.H. Wall (ed.) SCOPE 64, Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in soils and sediments, Island Press, Washington: 275 pp.
• Steele D.H. and Steele V.J. 1975. Egg size and duration of embryonic development in Crustacea. International Revue für gesellschaft Hydrobiologie 60: 711-715.
• STEMPNIEWICZ L. 2001. Alle alle Little Auk. The Journal of the Birds of the Western PaleArctic. Birds of the Western PaleArctic (BWP) Update, vol. 3: 175-201. Oxford University Press.
• STEMPNIEWICZ L. and Węsławski J.M. 1992. Outline of trophic relationships in Hornsund fjord, SW Spitsbergen (with special consideration of seabirds). In: K.W. Opaliński and R.Z. Klekowski (eds) Landscape, life world and Man in High Arctic, Instytut Ekologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa: 271-298.
• STOTT F.C. 1936. The marine foods of birds in an inland fjord region in west Spitsbergen. Journal of
• Animal Ecology 5: 356-369.
• Svendsen H., Beszczyńska-Møller A., Hagen J.O., Lefauconnier B., Tverberg V., Gerland S., Ørbæk J.B., Bischof K., Papucci C., Zajączkowski M., Azzolini R., Bruland O., Wiencke C., WINTHER J.-G. and Dallmann W. 2002. The physical environment of Kongsfjord-Krossfjorden, an Arctic fiord system in Svalbard. Polar Research 21: 133-166.
• Swerpel S. 1985. The Hornsund fjord; water masses. Polish Polar Research 6: 475-496.
• Szaniawska A. and Wołowicz M. 1986. Changes in the energy content of common species from Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen. Polar Research 4: 85-90.
• Van Dolah R.F. and Bird E. 1980. A comparison of reproductive patterns in epifaunal and infaunal gammaridean amphipods. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 11: 593-604.
• Walkusz W., Storemark K., Skau T., Gannefors C. and Lundberg M. 2003. Zooplankton community structure; a comparison of fjords, open water and ice stations in the Svalbard area. Polish Polar Research 24: 149-165.
• Watson R.T. and Core Writing Team (eds). 2001. Climate change 2001: Synthesis report. IPCC, Geneva: 184 pp.
• Wencki K. 1999. Interannual variability in the occurrence of Themisto (Amphipoda) in the north Norwegian Sea. Polish Polar Research 21: 143-152.
• Węsławski J.M. 1990. Distribution and ecology of south Spitsbergen coastal marine Amphipoda (Crustacea). Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii. 37: 503-519.
• Węsławski J.M. and Adamski P. 1987. Cold and warm years in South Spitsbergen coastal marine ecosystem. Polish Polar Research 8: 95-106.
• Węsławski J.M. and Kuliński W. 1987. Notes on the fishes in Hornsund fjord area (Spitsbergen). Polish Polar Research 10: 241-250.
• Węsławski J.M. and Kwaśniewski S. 1990. The consequences of climate fluctuations for the food web in Svalbard coastal waters. In: M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson (eds) Proceedings of 24th EMBS Symposium, Trophic relationships in the marine environment. Aberdeen University Press: 315-333.
• Węsławski J.M. and Legeżyńska J. 2002. Life cycles of some Arctic amphipods. Polish Polar Research 23: 253-264.
• Węsławski J.M., Kwaśniewski S. and Wiktor J. 1991b. Winter in a Svalbard fjord ecosystem. Arctic 44: 115-123.
• Węsławski J.M., Pedersen G., Falk-Petersen S. and Poraziński K. 2000. Entrapment of macrozooplankton in an Arctic fjord basin, Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Oceanologia 42: 57-69.
• Węsławski J.M., Ryg M., Smith T.G. and Øritsland N.A. 1994. Diet of Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in fjord of West Svalbard. Arctic 47: 109-114.
• Węsławski J.M., Stempniewicz L., Mehlum F. and Kwaśniewski S. 1999b. Summer feeding strategy of the Little Auk (Alle alle) from Bj0rn0ya, Barents Sea. Polar Biology 21: 129-134.
• Węsławski J.M., Jankowski A., Kwaśniewski S., Swerpel S. and Ryg M. 1991a. Summer hydrology and zooplankton in two Svalbard fjords. Polish Polar Research 12: 445- 460.
• Węsławski J.M., Koszteyn J., Kwaśniewski S., Stempniewicz L. and Malinga M. 1999a. Summer food resources of the little auk (Alle alle) in the European Arctic seas. Polish Polar Research 20: 387-403.
• Węsławski J.M., Koszteyn J., Zajączkowski M., Wiktor J. and Kwaśniewski S. 1995. Fresh water in Svalbard fjord ecosystems. In: H.R. Skjoldal, Hopkins C.C., Erikstad K.E. and H.P. Leinaas (eds), Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier Sci. BV: 229-241.
• Wiktor J. 1999. Early spring microplankton development under fast ice covered fjords of Svalbard, Arctic. Oceanologia 41: 51-72.
• Włodarska-Kowalczuk M. and Węsławski J.M. 2001. Impact of climate warming on Arctic benthic biodiversity: a case study of two Arctic glacial bays. Climate Research 18: 127-132.
• Włodarska-Kowalczuk M., Węsławski J.M. and Kotwicki L. 1998. Spitsbergen glacial bays macrobenthos - a comparative study. Polar Biology: 20: 66-73.
• Zajączkowski M. and Legeżyńska J. 2001. Estimation of zooplankton mortality caused by an Arctic glacier outflow. Oceanologia 43: 341-351.