Distribution of latest Givetian-Frasnian Atrypida [Brachiopoda] in central and western North America

• Autorzy: Day J
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Diverse atrypid brachiopod faunas characterize very late Givetian-early Frasnian deposits of Devonian Transgressive-Regressive (T-R) cycle IIb in North America which feature species of Desquamatia (Seratrypa), Desquamatia (Independatrypa), Pseudoatrypa, Radiatrypa, Spinatrypina (S.), S. (Exatrypa), Spinatrypa (S.), Davidsonia, and possibly Iowatrypa Middle Frasnian faunas are not well documented in much of North America. Middle Frasnian deposits of T-R cycle IIc in the Great Basin, Iowa, and the southern Northwest Territories and Mackenzie shelf feature species of Neatrypa, Pseudoatrypa, Radiatrypa, D. (Seratrypa), Spinatrypa, and possibly Costatrypa. Radiatrypa does not carry over into late Frasnian rocks of T-R cycle IId in North America. Genera common to late Frasnian deposits of T-R cycle IId-1 in central and western North America include widespread species of Pseudoatrypa, Spinatrypa, Costatrypa, Iowatrypa. D. (Seratrypa) and Neatrypa were restricted to the tropical platforms of western Canada at that time. Very late Frasnian brachiopod faunas of T-R cycle IId-2 yield species of Pseudoatrypa, Spinatrypa, Iowatrypa, and Pseudoatrypa? (southwest US only). Available data on Late Frasnian brachiopod records in North American subtropical platforms (New Mexico and Iowa) indicate that two successive stepped late Frasnian extinction events affected those faunas, coinciding with the Lower Kellwasser Event and the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) Event. Over half of the atrypid genera represented in late Frasnian North American faunas survived the first wave of extinctions (Lower Kellwasser Event). The surviving species, recorded in very late Frasnian deposits of Devonian T-R cycle IId-2, became extinct during the final crisis associated with the F-F Event.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

brachiopod fauna; fauna; Atrypida; mass extinction; Brachiopoda; Givetian; Frasnian; Devonian; biogeography; biostratigraphy; distribution; North America; paleontology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: 43
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.205-240,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Day J

• Department of Geography-Geology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4400, USA

Bibliografia

• Anderson, W.I. 1966. Upper Devonian conodonts and the Devonian-Mississippian boundary of north-central Iowa. - Journal of Paleontology 40, 395-415.
• Becker, R.T. 1993. Anoxia, eustatic changes, and Upper Devonian to lowermost Carboniferous global ammonoid diversity. In: M.R. House (ed.), The Ammonoidea: Environment, Ecology, and Evolutionary Change. - Systematics Association Special Volume 47, 115-163. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Belanski, C.H. 1928. Descriptions of some typical fossils from the Shell Rock Stage. -American Midland Naturalist 11, 171-212.
• Beus, S.S. 1965. Devonian faunule from the Jefferson Formation, central Blue Spring Hills, Utah-Idaho. -Journal of Paleontology 39, 21-30.
• Beus, S.S. 1973. Devonian stratigraphy and paleogeography along the western Mogollon Rim, Arizona. - Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 49, 1-36.
• Beus, S.S. 1978. Late Devonian (Frasnian) invertebrate fossils from the Jerome Member of the Martin Formation, Verde Valley, Arizona. -Journal of Paleontology 52, 40-54.
• Branson, E.B. 1923. The Devonian of Missouri. - Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines 17, Second Series, 279.
• Branson, E.B. 1944. Geology of Missouri. - University of Missouri Studies 19, 3, 1-535.
• Braun, W.K., Norris, A.W., & Uyeno, T.T. 1989. Late Givetian to early Frasnian biostratigraphy of western Canada: the Slave Point-Waterways boundary and related events. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 3, 93-112.
• Bunker, B.J. & Witzke, B. J. 1992. An upper Middle through lower Upper Devonian litho-stratigraphic and conodont biostratigraphic framework of the Midcontinent Carbonate Shelf area, Iowa. In: J. Day & B.J. Bunker (eds), The stratigraphy, paleontology, depositional and diagenetic history of the Middle-Upper Devonian Cedar Valley Group of central and eastern Iowa. -Iowa Department of Natural Resources Guidebook Series 16, 3-26.
• Bunker B.J., Witzke, B.J., & Day, J. 1986. Upper Cedar Valley stratigraphy, north-central Iowa, Lithograph City Formation. - Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 44, 1-41.
• Cooper, G.A. & Dutro, T. 1982. Devonian brachiopods of New Mexico. - Bulletins of American Paleontology 82-83, 1-215.
• Copper, P. 1973. New Siluro-Devonian atrypoid brachiopods. -Journal of Paleontology 47, 484-500.
• Copper, P. 1978. Devonian atrypoids from western and northern Canada. In: C.R. Stelck & B.D.E. Chatterton (eds), Western and Arctic Canadian Biostratigraphy. - Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 18, 289-331.
• Copper, P. 1990. Evolution of the atrypid brachiopods. In: D.I. Mackinnon, D.E. Lee, & J.D. Campbell (eds), Brachiopods Through Time, Proceedings of the 2nd International Brachiopod Congress, 35-40. A.A. Balkema Press, Rotterdam.
• Copper, P. 1996. Davidsonia and Rugodavidsonia (new genus), cryptic Devonian atrypid brachiopods from Europe and south China. -Journal of Paleontology 70, 588-602
• Copper, P. & Chen, Y. 1995. Invertina, a new Middle Devonian atrypid brachiopod genus from south China. -Journal of Paleontology 69, 251-256.
• Copper, P. & Gourvennec, R. 1996. Evolution of the spire-bearing brachiopods (Ordovician-Jurassic). In: P. Copper & J. Jin (eds), Brachiopods, Proceedings of the Third International Brachiopod Congress, 81-88. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Crickmay, C.H. 1952. Discrimination of late Upper Devonian. -Journal of Paleontology 24, 585-609.
• Crickmay, C.H. 1957. Elucidation of some Western Canadian Devonian Formations, 1-16. Evelyn de Mille Books, Calgary, Alberta.
• Crickmay, C.H. 1967. The Method of Indivisible Aggregates in Studies of the Devonian, 1-22. Evelyn de Mille Books, Calgary, Alberta.
• Day, J. 1984. Stratigraphy, Carbonate Petrology, and Paleoecology of the Jerome Member of the Martin
• Formation in East-Central Arizona. 147 pp. M.Sc. thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
• Day, J. 1987a. Brachiopod extinctions and the Frasnian-Famennian Crisis in the Early Late Devonian of southern New Mexico. Program and Abstracts, Second International Symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, Alberta, 66.
• Day, J. 1987b. Revision, distribution, and extinction of the Middle and early Late Devonian archaeogastre pod genera Floyda and Turbonopsis. - Journal of Paleontology 61, 960-973.
• Day, J. 1988. Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, and Depositional History of the Givetian and Frasnian Strata in the San Andres and Sacramento Mountains of Southern New Mexico. 238 pp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
• Day, J. 1989a. The brachiopods succession of the late Givetian-Frasnian of Iowa. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 3, 303-326.
• Day, J. 1989b. Biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Devonian strata (Givetian and Frasnian) of south-central New Mexico. -Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America 21, A341.
• Day, J. 1990. The Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodont sequence in the Lime Creek Formation of north-central Iowa and comparison with Lime Creek ammonoid, brachiopod, foraminifer, and gastropod sequences. -Journal of Paleontology 64, 614-628.
• Day, J. 1992. Middle-Upper Devonian (late Givetian-early Frasnian) brachiopod sequence in the Cedar Valley Group of central and eastern Iowa. In: J. Day & B.J. Bunker (eds), The Stratigraphy, Paleontology, Depositional and Diagenetic History of the Middle-Upper Devonian Cedar Valley Group of Central and Eastern Iowa. -Iowa Department of Natural Resources Guidebook Series 16, 53-105.
• Day, J., 1994a. New Brachiopod faunas yielding Platyterorhynchus from the latest Middle-early Upper Devonian strata in the Michigan Basin: U.S. midcontinent Devonian carbonate shelf. -Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America 26, 5,12.
• Day, J. 1994b. Late Middle and early Upper Devonian brachiopod faunas of southeastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. In: B.J. Bunker (ed.), Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Quad-Cities region east-central Iowa, northwestern Illinois. - Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 59, 65-84.
• Day, J. 1995a. The brachiopod fauna of the Upper Devonian (Late Frasnian) Lime Creek Formation of north-central Iowa, and related deposits in eastern Iowa. In: B.J. Bunker (ed.), Geology and hydrogeology of Floyd-Mitchell counties, north-central Iowa. -Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 62, 2-40.
• Day, J. 1995b. Biostratigraphic and taxonomic significance of the Upper Devonian (late Frasnian) brachiopod fauna from new exposures of the Amana Beds of eastern Iowa. - Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America 27, 3, 46.
• Day, J. 1996a. Timing and significance of Middle and Upper Devonian extinctions of subtropical carbonate platform shelly faunas in central and western North America. -Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America 28, 6, 35.
• Day, J. 1996b. Faunal signatures of Middle-Upper Devonian depositional sequences and sea level fluctuations in the Iowa Basin: U.S. midcontinent. In: B.J. Witzke, G.A. Ludvigson, & J. Day (eds), Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy, views from the North American craton. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 306, 277-300.
• Day, J. 1997. Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of Tecnocyrtina (Brachiopoda-Spiriferinida) during the Middle-Upper Devonian in North America. In: G. Klapper, M.A. Murphy, & J. Talent (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Paleobiogeography: Studies in Honor of J. Granville (Jess) Johnson. - Geological Society of America Memoir 321, 245-262.
• Day, J. & Beus, S.S. 1982. Turbonopsis apachiensis, a new species of archaeogastropod from the Devonian (Frasnian) of Arizona. -Journal of Paleontology 56, 1119-1123.
• Day, J. & Copper, P. 1998. Revision of latest Givetian-Frasnian Atrypida (Brachiopoda) from central North America. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43, 155-204.
• Day, J. & Koch, W.F. 1994. The Middle Devonian (late Eifelian-arly Givetian) brachiopod fauna of the Wapsipinicon Group, eastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. - Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 59, 31-44.
• Day, J., Norris, A.W., Uyeno, T.T., Witzke, B.J., & Bunker, B.J. 1994. Middle-Upper Devonian relative sea level histories of central and western North American interior basins. -Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America 26, 5, 12.
• Day, J., Norris, A.W., Uyeno, T.T., Witzke, B.J., & Bunker, B.J. 1996. Middle-Upper Devonian relative sea level histories of central and western North American interior basins. In: B.J. Witzke, G.A. Ludvigson, & J. Day (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Views from the North American Craton. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 306, 259-276.
• Drewes, H. 1967. Geology of the Conners Pass Quadrangle, Schell Creek Range, east-central Nevada. - United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 557, 1-97.
• Dutro, J.T. 1981. Devonian brachiopod biostratigraphy of New York State. In: W.A. Oliver & G. Klapper (eds), Devonian Biostratigraphy of New York, Part I, 67-82. Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy, New York.
• Dutro, J.T. 1986. The Late Devonian extinction event as recorded by articulate brachiopod ranges in the United States of America. In: P. Racheboeuf & C.C. Emig (eds), Brachiopodes fossiles et actuels. - Biostratigraphie du Paleozoique 4, 455-464.
• Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1924. The stratigraphy and fauna of the Hackberry Stage of the Upper Devonian - Contributions from the Museum of Geology and Paleontology of Michigan 1, 1-260.
• Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1930. Studies on the genus Atrypa. -American Midland Naturalist 12, 1-13.
• Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1932. Alate shell lamellae and spines in the genus Atrypa. - American Midland Naturalist 8, 369-384.
• Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1935. Atrypae described by Clement L. Webster and related forms (Devonian, Iowa). - Journal of Paleontology 9, 369-384.
• Fraunfelter, G.H. 1974. Invertebrate megafauna of the Middle Devonian of Missouri. - University Museum, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Southern Illinois Studies, Research Records 13, 1-276.
• Geldsetzer, H.H.J., Goodfellow, W.D., & McLaren, D.J. 1993. The Frasnian-Famennian extinction event in a stable cratonic shelf setting: Trout River, Northwest Territories, Canada. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 104, 81-96.
• Greger, D.K. 1936a. Atrypae of the central Missouri Devonian. - Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Lauis 29, 41-53.
• Greger, D.K. 1936b. On the occurrence of the genus Gruenewaldtia in the Devonian of central Missouri. - Contributions in Geology, Washington University Studies, New Series Science and Technology 9, 93-97.
• Gutschick, R.C. & Sandberg, C.A. 1991. Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin. In: P.A. Catacosinos & P.A. Daniels (eds), Early sedimentary evolution of the Michigan Basin. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 256, 155-179.
• Hall, J. 1858. Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa, embracing the results of investigations made during 1855, 1856, and 1857. -Iowa Geological Survey 1 (pt. 2), 473-724.
• Johnson, J.G. 1977. Lower and Middle Devonian faunal intervals in central Nevada, based on brachiopods. In: M.A. Murphy, W.B. Berry, & C.A. Sandberg (eds), Western North America: Devonian. - University of California, Riverside Campus Museum Contribution 4, 16-32.
• Johnson, J.G. 1990. Lower and Middle Devonian brachiopod-dominated communities of Nevada, and their position in a biofacies-province-realm model. -Journal of Paleontology 64, 902-941.
• Johnson, J.G. & Klapper, G. 1992. North American midcontinent Devonian T-R cycles. - Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 145, 127-135.
• Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G. & Sandberg, C.A. 1985. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. - Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 567-587.
• Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., & Elrick, M. 1996. Devonian Transgressive-regressive Cycles and Biostratigraphy, Northern Antelope Range, Nevada: establishment of reference horizons for global cycles. - Palaios 11, 1, 3-14.
• Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., & Trojan, W.R. 1980. Brachiopod and conodont successions in the Devonian of the Antelope Range, central Nevada. - Geologica et Palaeontologica 14, 77-116.
• Johnson, J.G. & Trojan, W.R. 1982. The Tecnocyrtina brachiopod fauna (?Upper Devonian) of central Nevada. - Geologica et Palaeontologica 16, 119-150.
• Johnson, J.G., Sandberg, C.A., & Poole, F.G. 1991. Devonian lithofacies of western United States. In: J.D. Cooper & C.H. Stevens (eds), Paleozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States II. -Pacific Section of the Society of Sedimentary Geology 67, 83-105.
• Kindle, E.M. 1908. The fauna and stratigraphy of the Jefferson Limestone in the northern Rocky Mountains region. - Bulletins of American Paleontology 4, 20, 1-39.
• Klapper, G. 1989. The Montagne Noire Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont succession. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 3, 449-468.
• Klapper, G. 1997. Graphic correlation of Frasnian (Upper Devonian) sequences in Montagne Noire, France, and western Canada. In: G. Klapper, M.A. Murphy, & J. Talent (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Paleobiogeography: Studies in Honor of J. Granville (Jess) Johnson. - Geological Society of America Memoir 321, 3, 113-130.
• Klapper, G., Kirchgasser, W.T., & Baesemann, J.F. 1995. Graphic correlation of a Frasnian (Upper Devonian) composite standard. In: K.O. Mann & H.R. Lane (eds), Graphic Correlation. -Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication 53, 177-184.
• Klapper, G., Kuzman, A.V., & Ovnatanova, N.S. 1996. Upper Devonian conodonts from the Timan-Pechora region, Russia, and correlation with a Frasnian composite standard. - Journal of Paleontology 70, 131-152.
• Klapper, G. & Lane, H.R. 1985. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodonts of the Polygnathus biofacies, NWT, Canada. - Journal of Paleontology 59, 904-951.
• Klapper, G. & Lane, H.R. 1989. Frasnian (Upper Devonian) conodont sequence at Luscar Mountain and Mount Haultain, Alberta Rocky Mountains. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 3, 469-478.
• Kottlowski, F.E. 1950. A new species of Atrypa from the Devonian of Montana. - Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 59, 246-251.
• Laird, W.M. 1947. An Upper Devonian brachiopod fauna from northwestern Montana. - Journal of Paleontology 21, 453-459.
• Lamaskin, T. 1995. Cyclostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Middle-Upper Devonian Guilmette Formation, Southern Egan and Schell Creek Ranges, Nevada. 203 pp. M.Sc. thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
• Lamaskin, T. & Elrick, M. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Devonian Guilmette Formation, southern Egan and Schell Creek ranges, Nevada. In: G. Klapper, M.A. Murphy, & J. Talent
• (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Paleobiogeography: Studies in Honor of J. Granville (Jess) Johnson. - Geological Society of America Memoir 321, 89-112.
• Maurin, A.F. & Raasch, G.O. 1972. Early Frasnian stratigraphy, Kakwa-Cecelia Lakes, British Columbia, Canada. - Compagnie Fransaise des Petroles, Notes et Memoires 10, 1-80.
• McLaren, D.J. 1970. Presidental Address: Time, Life and Boundaries. - Journal of Paleontology 44, 801-815.
• McLaren, D.J., Norris, A.W., & McGregor, D.C. 1962. Illustrations of Canadian fossils: Devonian of western Canada. - Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 62-4, 1-35.
• McLean, R.A. & Klapper, G. 1997. Biostratigraphic Correlation of the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Western Canada, Based on Conodonts and Rugose Corals. Program with Abstracts, Joint Convention of the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Sedimentary Geology, Calgary, Alberta, 188.
• McLean, R.A., Marchant, T.R., Jones, B., & Carter, K.M. 1987. The Middle and Upper Devonian of the Hay River Region, Southern District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Guidebook, Excursion A2, Second International Symposium of the Devonian System, Calgary, Alberta, 1-79.
• McLean, R.A. & Sorauf, J.E. 1989. The distribution of Rugose Corals in Frasnian outcrop sequences of North America. -Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, 3, 379-396.
• Meader, N. 1977. Paleoecology and Paleoenvironments of the Upper Devonian Martin Formation in the Roosevelt Dam-Globe Area, Gila County, Arizona. 124 pp. M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, Tuscon.
• Merriam, C.W. 1940. Devonian stratigraphy and paleontology of the Roberts Mountains region, Nevada. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 25, 1-114.
• Miller, S.A. 1892. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 18th Annual Report (Advance Sheets), 61.
• Miller, S.A. 1894. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 18th Annual Report, 315.
• Morrow, D.W. & Geldsetzer, H.H.J. 1989. Devonian of the eastern Canadian Cordillera. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 1,85-121.
• Müller, K.J. & Müller, E.M. 1957. Early Upper Devonian (Independence) conodonts from Iowa. -Journal of Paleontology 31, 1069-1108.
• Norris, A.W. 1963. Devonian stratigraphy of northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan. - Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 313, 1-168.
• Norris, A.W. 1983. Brachiopods [Schizophoria, Strophodonta (Strophodonta), Nervostrophia, Eostrophalosia and Devonoproductus] from the Lower Upper Devonian Waterways Formation of northeastern Alberta. - Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 350, 1-45.
• Norris, A.W. & Uyeno, T.T. 1981. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the lowermost Upper Devonian Slave Point Formation on Lake Claire and the lower Upper Devonian Waterways Formation on Birch River, northeastern Alberta. - Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 334, 1-53.
• Norris, A.W. & Uyeno, T.T. 1983. Biostratigraphy and paleontology of Middle-Upper Devonian boundary beds, Gypsum Cliffs area, northeastern Alberta. - Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 313, 1-65.
• Norris, A.W., Uyeno, T.T., & McCabe, H.R. 1982. Devonian rocks of the Lake Winnipegosis-Lake Manitoba outcrop belt. - Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 392, 1-280.
• Norris, A.W., Uyeno, T.T., Sartenaer, P., & Telford, P.G. 1992. Brachiopod and conodont faunas from the uppermost Williams Island Formation and lower Long Rapids Formation (Middle and Upper Devonian), Moose River Basin, Northern Ontario. - Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 434, 1-133.
• Over, D.J. 1997. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Java Formation (Upper Devonian) and the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in western New York State. In: G. Klapper, M. A. Murphy, & J. A. Talent (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Biogeography: Studies in Honor of J. Granville (Jess) Johnson. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 321, 161-178.
• Over, D.J., Conaway, C.A., Katz, D.J., Goodfellow, W.D., & Gregoire, D.C. 1997. Platinum group element (PGE) enrichments and chrondritic(?) Ru: Ir in fine-grained siliciclastic strata at the Frasnian-Famennian (Upper Devonian) extinction boundary in New York State. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 132, 399-410.
• Rowley, R.R. 1900. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Devonian and subCarboniferous rocks of Missouri. -American Geologist 25, 261-273.
• Sandberg, C.A. 1976. Conodont biofacies of the Late Devonian Polygnathus stryiacus Zone in western United States. In: C.R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology. - Geological Association of Special Paper 15, 171-186.
• Sandberg, C.A., Poole, F.G., & Johnson, J.G. 1989. Upper Devonian of western United States. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, 1, 183-220.
• Sandberg C.A., Ziegler, W., Dreeson, R., & Butler, J.L. 1992. Conodont Biochronology, Biofacies, Taxonomy, and Event Stratigraphy around Middle Frasnian Lion Mudmound (F2h), Frasnes Belgium. - Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 150, 1-85.
• Schindler, E. 1990. Die Kellwasser-Krise (hohe Frasne-Stufe, Ober-Devon). - Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie 46, 4, 1-115.
• Sorauf, J.E. 1984. Devonian stratigraphy of the San Andres Mountains, Dona Ana , Sierra, and Socorro Counties, New Mexico. -New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 189, 1-32.
• Sorauf, J. E. 1988. Rugose corals from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Sly Gap and Contadero Formations of the San Andres Mountains, south-central New Mexico. -New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 44, 153-183.
• Stainbrook, M.A. 1938. Atrypa and Stropheodonta from the Cedar Valley beds of Iowa. - Journal of Paleontology 12, 229-256.
• Stainbrook, M.A. 1942. Brachiopoda from the High Point Sandstone of New York. -American Journal of Science 42, 604-619.
• Stainbrook, M. A. 1945. Brachiopoda of the Independence Shale of Iowa. -Geological Society of America Memoir 14, 1-74.
• Stainbrook, M. A. 1948. Age and correlation of the Devonian Sly Gap Beds near Alamogordo, New Mexico. -American Journal of Science 46, 765-790.
• Stainbrook, M.A. 1951, Substitution for the preoccupied brachiopod name Hystricina. - Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 41, 6, 196.
• Stainbrook, M.A. & Ladd, H.S. 1924. The fauna of the State Quarry beds. - Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 31, 353-363.
• Teichert, C. 1964. Devonian rocks and paleogeography of central Arizona. - United States Geological Suwey Professional Paper 464, 1-181.
• Thompson, T.L. 1993. Paleozoic Succession in Missouri, Part 3, Silurian and Devonian Systems. -Report of Investigations 70, 1-228.
• Walliser, O.H. 1996. Global events of the Devonian and Carboniferous. In: O.H. Walliser (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy, 225-250, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
• Warren, P.S. 1944. Index brachiopods of the Mackenzie River Devonian. - Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd Series 38, 105-135.
• Warren, P.S.. & Stelck, C.R. 1956. Devonian faunas of western Canada. - Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 1, 1-75.
• Webster, C.L. 1888. Lime Creek Brachiopods. -American Naturalist 22, 1100-1104.
• Webster, C.L. 1921. Notes on the genus Atrypa, with description of new species. -American Midland Naturalist 7, 13-20.
• Wichtowski, J., Over, D.J., & Day, J. 1997. Upper Devonian conodonts, brachiopods, and associated fauna within the shelf facies of the West Falls Group, western New York State. -Abstracts with Programs of the Northeastern Section of the Geological Society of America 29, 1, 89.
• Witter, D.P. 1976. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Upper Devonian in the Globe-Mammoth Area, Arizona. 97 pp. M.Sc. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.
• Witzke, B.J. 1987. Models for circulation patterns in epicontinental seas: applied to Paleozoic facies of North American Craton. - Paleoceanography 2, 229-248.
• Witzke, B.J. & Bunker, B.J. 1996. Relative sea level changes during Middle Ordovician through Mississippian deposition in the Iowa area, North American Craton. In: B .J. Witzke, G.A. Ludvigson, & J. Day (eds), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy: North American Perspectives. - Geological Society of America Special Paper 306, 307-330.
• Witzke, B.J., Bunker, B .J., & Rogers, F.S. 1989. Eifelian through lower Frasnian stratigraphy and deposition in the Iowa area, Midcontinent, USA. - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 3, 221-250.
• Ziegler, W. & Sandberg, C.A. 1990. The Late Devonian standardconodont zonation. - Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 121, 1-115.