Biomonitoring release of elements from water pipes using hair mineral analysis

• Autorzy: Chojnacka K. , Mikulewicz M. , Michalak I. , Saeid A. , Gorecka H. , Gorecki H.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This paper reports the results of a biomonitoring study of exposure to elements released by water pipes by hair mineral analysis with the consideration of gender. Hair of a population of 117 students living in an urban area in Poland was analyzed for the content of elements by ICP-OES (macroelements) and ICP-MS (micro-, toxic and other trace elements). The participants were grouped according to the material of which water pipes in their households were made (steel, copper, plastic). The population was of uniform age (21-22 years). The mean values and standard deviations of the content of 34 elements were reported for the whole population as well as for other populations and the subgroups. The mean level of the following elements was higher: As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Na, and lower: Hg. Statistically significant differences between the subpopulations for which the grouping variable was the type of tap water pipes were found for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Na, Ti (release order: plastic>steel>copper), Mg (copper>plastic>steel), Ni (plastic>copper>steel). The composition of water (from the same water purification station), from pipes made of different materials: steel, copper and plastic was determined. The release of elements to water was confirmed. The results of biomonitoring study by hair mineral analysis were compared with multielemental analysis of water. Plastic pipes were found to release the highest quantities of elements, which was confirmed by both a biomonitoring study and direct analysis of water: Ni, Ti, Al, Hg, Sn, Mo, Li, Ag, Cu, Sr, B. For copper pipelines both types of analyses showed release of: Ag, Cu, Si, As, and in steel: Zr and Zn. Elements, the level of which depended on sex, were indicated. The content of elements in hair and also the effect of gender were compared with other populations reported in the literature. Additionally, ratios between elements in the present and in various groups were investigated. It was found that the content of alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, and Mg) was statistically significantly higher in hair of females than males in almost all the groups. The release of elements with gender as additional grouping variable was confirmed for Ag and As, which were eluted in the highest amounts from copper plumbing, Mn and Si from plastic pipes. Hair of males seemed more appropriate for a biomonitoring study since more statistically significant differences were confirmed. This can be explained with the cosmetic treatment of hair by females.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: 20
• Numer: 6
• Opis fizyczny: 1419-1432,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Chojnacka K.

• Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Mikulewicz M.

• Department of Dentofacial Orthopeadics and Orthodontics, Medical University of Wrocław, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Michalak I.

• Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Saeid A.

• Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Gorecka H.

• Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Gorecki H.

• Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. http://www.fda.gov (retrieved December 5th, 2009).
• 2. GELLEIN K., LIERHAGEN S., BREVIK P.S., TEIGEN M., KAUR P., SINGH T., FLATEN T.P., SYVYRSEN T. Trace element profiles in single strands of human hair determined by HR-ICP-MS. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 123, 250, 2008.
• 3. RODUSHKIN I., AXELSSON M. D. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II. A study of the inhabitants of northern Sweden. Sci. Total Environ. 262, 21, 2000.
• 4. US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Toxic trace metals in mammalian hair and nails, EPA Publication EPA-600 4-79-049, US EPA, DC, Washington, 1979.
• 5. WU B., CHEN T. Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution: Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, Southern China. J. Environ. Sci. 22, 283, 2010.
• 6. BENCKO V. Use of human hair as a biomarker in the assessment of exposure to pollutants in occupational and environmental settings. Toxicology 101, 29, 1995.
• 7. DOLBEC J., MERGLER D., LARRIBE F., ROULET M., LEBEL J., LUCOTTE M. Sequential analysis of hair mercury levels in relation to fish diet of an Amazonian population. Brazil. Sci. Total. Environ. 271, 87, 2001.
• 8. RAZAGUI I.B.A., GHRIBI I. Maternal and neonatal scalp hair concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead. Relationship to some lifestyle factors. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 106, 1, 2005.
• 9. SON B.S., HONG E.J., KIM Y.S. A study on trace metal levels in hair. Korean Ind. Hyd. Assoc. J. 7, 233, 1997.
• 10. SENOFONTE O., VIOLANTE N., CAROLI S. Assessment of reference values for in human hair of urban schoolboys. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 14, 6, 2000.
• 11. NIQUETTE P., SERVAIS P., SAVOIR R. Impacts of pipe materials on densities of fixed bacterial biomass in a drinking water distribution system. Water Res. 34, 1952, 2000.
• 12. ZIETZ B., DASSEL D.E., VERGARA J., KEVEKORDES S., DUNKELBERG H. Lead contamination in tap water of households with children in Lower Saxony. Germany. Sci. Total. Environ. 275, 19, 2001.
• 13. ZIETZ B.P., DIETER H.H., LAKOMEK M., SCHNEIDER H., KEßLER-GAEDTKE B., DUNKELBERG H. Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Sci. Total. Environ. 302, 127, 2003.
• 14. TAMASI G., RENZO C. Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Sci. Total. Environ. 327, 41, 2004.
• 15. GOUIDER M., BOUZIDA J., SAYADI S., MONTIEL A. Impact of orthophosphate addition on biofilm development in drinking water distribution systems. J. Hazard. Mat. 167, 1198, 2009.
• 16. GUO Q. Increases of lead and chromium in drinking water from using cement – mortar-lined pipes: initial modeling and assessment. J. Hazard. Mat. 56, 181, 1997.
• 17. LASHEEN M. R., SHARABY C. M., EL-KHOLY N. G., ELSHERIF I. Y., EL-WAKEEL S. T. Factors influencing lead and iron release from some Egyptian drinking water pipes. J. Hazard. Mat. 160, 675, 2008.
• 18. LEHTOLA M. J., MIETTINEN I. T., KEINANEN M. M., KEKKI T. K., LAINE O., HIRVONEN A., VARTIAINEN T., MARTIKAINEN P. J. Microbiology, chemistry and biofilm development in a pilot drinking water distribution system with copper and plastic pipe. Water Res. 38, 3769, 2004.
• 19. BOULAY N., EDWARDS M. Role of temperature, chlorine, and organic matter in copper corrosion by-product release in soft water. Water Res. 35, 683, 2001.
• 20. Al-RAWAJFEH A.E., AL-SHAMAILEH E.M. Inhibition of corrosion in steel water pipes by ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDTC). Desalination 206, 169, 2007.
• 21. AL-JASSER A. O. Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: Pipe service age effect. Water Res. 41, 387, 2007.
• 22. NOWAK B., CHMIELNICKA J. Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 46, 265, 2000.
• 23. GEORGESCU R., PANTELICA A., SALAGEAN M., CRACIUN D., CONSTANTINESCU M., CONSTANTINESCU O., FRANGOPOL P.T. Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the hair of metallurgical workers. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 224, 147, 1997.
• 24. KHALIQUE S., AHMAD T., ANJUM M., JAFFAR M.H., SHAH N., SHAHEEN S.R., TARIQ S.M. A comparative study based on gender and age dependence of selected metals in scalp hair. Environ. Monitor. Asses. 104, 45, 2005.
• 25. CHOJNACKA K., GÓRECKA H., CHOJNACKI A., GÓRECKI H. Inter-element interactions in human hair. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20, 368, 2005.
• 26. CHOJNACKA K., GÓRECKA H., GÓRECKI H. The influence of living habits and family relationships on elements concentration in human hair. Sci. Total Environ. 366, 612, 2006.
• 27. CHOJNACKA K., GÓRECKA H., CHOJNACKI A., GÓRECKI H. The effect of age, sex, smoking habit, hair color on the composition of hair. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 22, 52, 2006.
• 28. TAMASI G., CINI R. Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Sci. Total Environ. 327, 41, 2004.
• 29. ZIETZ B. P., DASSEL DE VERGARA J., KEVEKORDES S., DUNKELBERG H. Lead contamination in tap water of households with children in Lower Saxony, Germany. Sci. Total Environ. 275, 19, 2001.
• 30. ZIETZ B. P., DIETER H. H., LAKOMEK M., SCHNEIDER H., KEßLER-GAEDTKE B., DUNKELBERG H. Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Sci. Total Environ. 302, 127, 2003.
• 31. http://www.traceelements.com (retrieved August 31st, 2009).
• 32. WATTS D. L. Trace elements and neuropsychological problems as reflected in tissue mineral analysis (TMA) patterns. J. Orthomol. Med. 5, 159, 1990.
• 33. MUNAKATA M., ONUMA A., KOBAYASHI Y., HAGINOYA K., YOKOYAMA H., FUJIWARA I., YASUDA H., TSUTSUI T., IINUMA K. A preliminary analysis of trace elements in the scalp hair of patients with severe motor disabilities receiving enteral nutrition. Brain Develop. 28, 521, 2006.
• 34. MAN C. K., ZHEN Y. H. Analysis of trace elements in scalp hair of mentally retarded children. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 253, 375, 2002.
• 35. VIOLANTE N., SENOFONTE O., MARSILI G., MELI P., SOGGIU M.E., CAROLI S. Human hair as a marker of pollution by chemical elements emitted by a thermoelectric power plant. Microchem. J. 67, 397, 2000.
• 36. PARK H.-S., SHIN K.-O., KIM J.-S. Assessment of reference values for hair minerals of Korean preschool children. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 116, 119, 2007.
• 37. UNKIEWICZ-WINIARCZYK A., BAGNIUK GROMYSZ-KAŁKOWSKA K, SZUBARTOWSKA E. Aluminum, Cadmium and Lead Concentration in the Hair of Tobacco Smokers. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 128, 152, 2009.
• 38. SAKAI T., WARIISHI M., NISHIYAMA K. Changes in Trace Element Concentrations in Hair of Growing Children. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 77, 43, 2000.
• 39. KOZIELEC T., PÓZNIAK J., SALACKA A., HORNOWSKA I., KOTKOWIAK L. Hair Copper Concentration in Healthy Children, Teenagers, and Adults Living in Szczecin, Poland. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 93, 47, 2003.
• 40. SANNA E., LIGUORI A., PALMAS L., SORO M.R., FLORIS G. Blood and hair lead levels in boys and girls living in two Sardinian towns at different risks of lead pollution. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 55, 293, 2003.
• 41. FERRÉ-HUGUET N., NADAL M., SCHUHMACHER M., DOMINGO J.L. Monitoring Metals in Blood and Hair of the Population Living Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator, Temporal Trend. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 128, 191, 2009.
• 42. ASHRAF W., JAFFAR M., ANWER K., EHSAN U. Ageand sex-based comparative distribution of selected metals in the scalp hair of an urban population from two cities in Pakistan. Environ. Poll. 87, 61, 1995.
• 43. LEKOUCH N.U., SEDKI A., BOUHOUCH S., NEJMEDDINE A., PINEAU A., PIHAN J.C. Trace elements in children’s hair, as related exposure in wastewater spreading field of Marrakesh (Morocco). Sci. Total Environ. 243/244, 323, 1999.