Occurrence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis in the Red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra) and the Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) housed in the Poznan Zoological Garden, Poland

• Autorzy: Slodkowicz-Kowalska A. , Majewska A. C. , Trzesowska E. , Skrzypczak L.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Encephalitozoon intestinalis is one of the most common microsporidial species found in humans worldwide but it has rarely been identified in animals. The presence of this pathogen has been detected in a few species of domestic, captive and wild mammals as well as in three species of birds. The aim of the present study was to examine fecal samples obtained from mammals housed in the Poznan Zoological Garden, Poland, for the presence of potentially human-infectious microsporidia. A total of 339 fresh fecal samples collected from 75 species of mammals belonging to 27 families and 8 orders were examined for the presence of microsporidian spores. Microsporidian spores were identified in 3 out of 339 (0.9%) examined fecal samples. All samples identified as positive by chromotrope 2R and calcofluor white M2R were also positive by the FISH assay. Using multiplex FISH in all 3 fecal samples, only spores of E. intestinalis were identified in 2 out of 14 Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and in one out of 17 Red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra). To our knowledge this is the first diagnosis of E. intestinalis in Ring-tailed and Red ruffed lemurs. It should be mentioned that both lemur species are listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Although the lemurs were asymptomatically infected, the possibility of widespread infection or death of these animals remains in the event of an elevated stress or a decrease in their immunological functions.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

occurrence; Encephalitozoon intestinalis; red ruffed lemur; Varecia rubra; ring-tailed lemur; Lemur catta; Poznan Zoological Garden; Poland; lemur; pathogen; microsporidian spore; diagnostics; fluorescence in situ hybridization; encephalitozoonosis

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Annals of Parasitology
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: 58
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.49-52,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Slodkowicz-Kowalska A.

• Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland

autor

Majewska A. C.

autor

Trzesowska E.

autor

Skrzypczak L.

Bibliografia

• [1] Corradi N., Keeling P.J. 2009. Microsporidia: a journey through radical taxonomical revisions. Fungal Biology Reviews 23: 1-8.
• [2] Didier E.S. 2005. Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. Acta Tropica 94: 61-76.
• [3] Didier E.S., Stoval M.E., Green L.C., Brindley P.J., Sestak K., Didier P.J. 2004. Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: sources and modes of transmission. Veterinary Parasitology 126: 145-166.
• [4] Mathis A., Weber R., Deplazes P. 2005. Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18: 423-445.
• [5] Cali A., Kotler D.P., Orenstein J.M. 1993. Septata intestinalis n. g., n. sp., an intestinal microsporidian associated with chronic diarrhea and dissemination in AIDS patients. Journal of Protozoology 40: 101-112.
• [6] Bornay-Llinares F.J., da Silva A.J., Moura H., Schwartz D.A, Visvesvara G.S., Pieniazek N.J., Cruz-López A., Hernández-Jaúregui P., Guerrero J., Enriquez F.J. 1998. Immunologic, microscopic, and molecular evidence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis (Septata intestinalis) infection in mammals other than humans. Journal of Infectious Diseases 178: 820-826.
• [7] Del Aguila C., Izquierdo F., Haro M., Bernardo R., Rueda C., Andres I., Alonso F., Ponce F., Fenoy S., Henriques N. 2004. Zoonotic potential of microsporidiosis in Spain. In: Emergent pathogens in the 21st century: first united workshop on microsporidia from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, České Budejovice, 12-15 July 2004.
• [8] Malčeková B., Halánová M., Sulínová Z., Molnár L., Ravaszová P., Adam J., Halán M., Valocký I., Baranovič M. 2010. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals. Research in Veterinary Science 89: 358-361.
• [9] Valencáková A., Balent P., Húska M., Novotný F., Luptáková L. 2006. First report on Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection of swine in Europe. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 54: 407-411.
• [10] Nimmo J.S., Snowden K., Donoghue P. 2007. Fatal encephalitozoonosis in two koalas. Australian Veterinary Journal 85: 428-432.
• [11] De Bosschere H., Wang Z., Orlandi P.A. 2007. First diagnosis of Encephalitozoon intestinalis and E. hellem in a European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) with kidney lesion. Zoonoses and Public Health 54: 131-134.
• [12] Graczyk T.K., Bosco-Nizeyi J., da Silva A.J., Moura I.N.S., Pieniazek N.J., Cranfield M.R., Lindquist H.D.A. 2002. A single genotype of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and people sparing their habitats in Uganda. Parasitology Research 88: 926-931.
• [13] Murphy T.M., Walochnik J., Hassl A., Moriarty J., Mooney J., Toolan D., Sanchez-Miguel C., O’Loughlin A., McAuliffe A. 2007. Study on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum and molecular evidence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis infections in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in rural Ireland. Veterinary Parasitology 146: 227-234.
• [14] Bart A., Wentink-Bonnema E.M., Heddema E.R., Buijs J., van Gool T. 2008. Frequent occurrence of human-associated microsporidia in fecal droppings of urban pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 7056-7058.
• [15] Haro M., Izquierdo F., Henriques-Gil N., Andres I., Alonso F., Fenoy S., del Aguila C. 2005. First detection and genotyping of human-associated microsporidia in pigeons from urban parks. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 3153-3157.
• [16] Slodkowicz-Kowalska A., Graczyk T.K., Tamang L., Jedrzejewski Sz., Nowosad A., Zduniak P., Solarczyk P., Girouard A.S., Majewska A.C. 2006. Microsporidian species known to infect humans are present in aquatic birds: implications for transmission via water? Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 4540-4544.
• [17] Childs-Sanford S.E., Garner M.M., Raymond J.T., Didier E.S., Kollias G.V. 2006. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 134: 370-373.
• [18] Guscetti F., Mathis A., Hatt J.M., Deplazes P. 2003. Overt fatal and chronic subclinical Encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis in a colony of captive emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator). Journal of Medical Primatology 32: 111-119.
• [19] Juan-Sallés C., Garner M.M., Didier E.S., Serrato S., Acevedo L.D., Ramos-Vara J.A., Nordhausen R.W., Bowers L.C., Parás A. 2006. Disseminated encephalitozoonosis in captive, juvenile, cotton-top (Saguinus oedipus) and neonatal emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarins in North America. Veterinary Pathology 43: 438-446.
• [20] Reetz J., Wiedemann M., Aue A., Wittstatt U., Ochs A., Thomschke A., Manke H., Schwebs M., Rrinder H. 2004. Disseminated lethal Encephalitozoon cuniculi (genotype III) infections in cotton-top tamarins (Oedipomidas oedipus) - a case report. Parasitology International 53: 29-34.
• [21] Vavra J., Chalupsky J. 1982. Fluorescence staining of microsporidian spores with the brightener Calcofluor White M2R. Journal of Protozooogy 29: 503.
• [22] Weber R., Bryan R.T., Owen R.L., Wilcox C.M., Gorelkin L., Visvesvara G.S. 1992. Improved lightmicroscopical detection of microsporidia spores in stool and duodenal aspirates. The New England Journal of Medicine 326: 161-166.
• [23] Jedrzejewski Sz., Graczyk T.K., Slodkowicz-Kowalska A., Tamang L., Majewska A.C. 2007. Quantitative assessment of contamination of fresh food produce of various retail types by humanvirulent microsporidian spores. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 4071-4073.
• [24] Graczyk T.K., Johansson M.A., Tamang L., Visvesvara G.S., Moura L.S., daSilva A.J., Girouard A.S., Matos O. 2007. Retrospective species identification of microsporidian spores in diarrheic fecal samples from human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS patients by multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45: 1255-1260.
• [25] Slodkowicz-Kowalska A., Graczyk T.K., Tamang L., Girouard A.S., Majewska A.C. 2007. Asymptomatic Enterocytozoon bieneusi microspo -ridiosis in captive mammals. Parasitology Research 100: 503-509.