New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

• Autorzy: Morris S.C. , Peel J. S.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Palaeoscolecidan worms are an important component of many Lower Palaeozoic marine assemblages, with notable occurrences in a number of Burgess Shale−type Fossil−Lagerstätten. In addition to material from the lower Cambrian Kinzers Formation and Latham Shale, we also describe two new palaeoscolecidan taxa from the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte of North Greenland: Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov and Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov. These palaeoscolecidans appear to be the oldest known (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) soft−bodied examples, being somewhat older than the diverse assemblages from the Chengjiang Fossil−Lagerstätte of China. In the Sirius Passet taxa the body is composed of a spinose introvert (or proboscis), trunk with ornamentation that includes regions bearing cuticular ridges and sclerites, and a caudal zone with prominent circles of sclerites. The taxa are evidently quite closely related; generic differentiation is based on degree of trunk ornamentation, details of introvert structure and nature of the caudal region. The worms were probably infaunal or semi−epifaunal; gut contents suggest that at least X. boreogyrus may have preyed on the arthropod Isoxys. Comparison with other palaeoscolecidans is relatively straightforward in terms of comparable examples in other Burgess Shale−type occurrences, but is much more tenuous with respect to the important record of isolated sclerites. These finds from Greenland provide further evidence that palaeoscolecidans possessed a complex anterior introvert directly comparable to a number of priapulid−like taxa from other Burgess Shale−type assemblages. Although these palaeoscolecidans have been allied with the nematomorphs, molecular data in conjunction with our observations suggest that this hypothesis is untenable. Palaeoscolecidans and similar priapulid−like taxa are probably primitive cycloneuralians and as such may indicate the original bodyplan of this important group of ecdysozoans. In addition, we describe another sclerite−bearing fossil from the Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte that may be related to the cambroclaves.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

new worm; worm; palaeoscolecidan worm; Lower Cambrian; Sirius Passet; Latham Shale; Kinzers Formation; paleontology; Palaeoscolecida; Chalazoscolex; Xystoscolex; Cycloneuralia; Cambrian; Greenland; California; Pennsylvania

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: 55
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.141-156,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Morris S.C.

• Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K.

autor

Peel J. S.

Bibliografia

• Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Turbeville, J.M., Linford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A., and Lake, J.A. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387: 489–493. doi:10.1038/387489a0 PMid:9168109
• Babcock, L.E. and Peel, J.S. 2007. Palaeobiology, taphonomy, and stratigraphic significance of the trilobite Buenellus from the Sirius Passet biota, Cambrian of North Greenland. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 34: 401–418.
• Babcock, L.E. and Zhang, W. 2001. Stratigraphy, paleontology and depositional setting of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian) Yunnan, China. Palaeoworld 13: 66–86.
• Blaker, M.R. 1988. A new genus of nevadiid trilobite from the Buen Formation (Early Cambrian) of Peary Land, central North Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 137: 33–41.
• Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B.J., Jell, P.A., and Runnegar, B.N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1–364.
• Bleidorn, C., Schmidt−Rhaesa, A., and Garey, J.R. 2002. Systematic relationships of Nematomorpha based on molecular and morphological data. Invertebrate Biology 121: 357–364.
• Bourlat, S.J., Nielsen, C., Economou, A.D., and Telford, M.J. 2008. Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008 PMid:18692145
• Briggs, D.E.G. 1978. A new trilobite−like arthropod from the Lower Cambrian Kinzers Formation, Pennsylvania. Journal of Paleontology 52: 132–140.
• Briggs, D.E.G. 1979. Anomalocaris, the largest known Cambrian arthropod. Palaeontology 22: 631–664.
• Briggs, D.E.G. and Mount, J.D. 1982. The occurrence of the giant arthropod Anomalocarisin the lower Cambrian of Southern California and the overall distribution of the genus. Journal of Paleontology 56: 1112–1118.
• Brock, G.A. and Cooper, B.J. 1993. Shelly fossils from the Early Cambrian (Toyonian) Wirrealpa, Aroona Creek, and Ramsay Limestones of South Australia. Journal of Paleontology 67: 758–787.
• Budd, G.E. 1995. Kleptothule rasmusseni gen et sp. nov.: an ?olenellinidlike trilobite from the Sirius Passet fauna (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, North Greenland). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Science 86: 1–12.
• Budd, G.E. 1997. Stem group arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of North Greenland In: R.A. Fortey and R.H. Thomas (eds.), Arthropod Relationships, 125–138. Systematics Association Special Volume Series, 55: 125–138.
• Budd, G.E. 1999. The morphology and phylogenetic significance of Kerygmachela kierkegaardi Budd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Science 89: 249–290.
• Budd, G.E. 2001. Tardigrades as “stem−group arthropods”: The evidence from the Cambrian fauna. Zoologische Anzeiger 240: 265–279. doi: 10.1078/0044−5231−00034
• Budd, G.E. and Peel, J.S. 1998. A new xenusiid lobopod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of North Greenland. Palaeontology 41: 1201–1213.
• Chen, J.−Y. 2004. The Dawn of Animal World. 367 pp. Jiangsu Science and Technical Press, Nanjing.
• Conway Morris, S. 1977. Fossil priapulid worms. Special Papers in Palaeontology 20: 1–95.
• Conway Morris, S. 1990. Burgess Shale. In: D.E.G. Briggs and P.R. Crowther (eds.), Palaeobiology: A Synthesis, 270–272. Blackwell, Oxford.
• Conway Morris, S. 1997. The cuticular structure of the 495−Myr−old type species of the fossil worm Palaeoscolex, P. piscatorum (? Priapulida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119: 69–82. doi:10.1111/j.1096−3642.1997.tb00136.x
• Conway Morris, S. 1998. The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals. 242 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Conway Morris, S. and Chen, M. 1991. Cambroclaves and paracarinachitids, early skeletal problematica from the Lower Cambrian of South China. Palaeontology 34: 357–397.
• Conway Morris, S. and Peel, J.S. 1995. Articulated halkieriids from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland and their role in early protostome evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B347: 305–358. doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0029
• Conway Morris, S. and Peel, J.S. 2008. The earliest annelids: Lower Cambrian polychaetes from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53: 137–148.
• Conway Morris, S. and Robison, R.A. 1986. Middle Cambrian priapulids and other soft−bodied fossils from Utah and Spain. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 117: 1–22.
• Conway Morris, S. and Whittington, H.B. 1979. The animals of the Burgess Shale. Scientific American 241: 122–133.
• Conway Morris, S., Peel, J.S., Higgins, A.K., Soper, N.J., and Davis, N.C. 1987. A Burgess Shale−like fauna from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland. Nature 326: 181–183.
• Dunn, C.W. et al. [17 other authors] 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452: 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614 PMid:18322464
• Gaines, R.R. and Droser, M.L. 2002. Depositional environments, ichnology, and rare soft−bodied preservation in the Lower Cambrian Latham Shale, east Mojave. In: F.A. Corsetti (ed.), SEPM Pacific Section Book 93: Proterozoic–Cambrian of the Great Basin and Beyond, 153–164. SEPM, Tulsa.
• Garcia−Bellido Capdevila, D. and Conway Morris, S. 1999. New fossil worms from the Lower Cambrian of the Kinzers Formation, Pennsylvania, with some comments on Burgess Shale−type preservation. Journal of Paleontology 73: 394–402.
• Glaessner, M.F. 1979. Lower Cambrian Crustacea and annelid worms from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Alcheringa 3: 21–31. doi:10.1080/03115517908565437
• Han, J. and Hu, S.−X. 2006. Response to “Discussion on the systematic position of the Early Cambrian priapulomorph worms”. Chinese Science Bulletin 51: 250–256. doi:10.1007/s11434−005−0013−4
• Han, J., Liu, J.−N., Zhang, Z.−F., Zhang, X.−L., and Shu, D.−G. 2007a. Trunk ornamentation on the palaeoscolecid worms Cricocosmia and Tabelliscolex from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52: 423–431. doi:10.1360/04wd0221
• Han, J., Shu, D.−G., Zhang, Z−F., and Liu, J. 2004. The earliest−known ancestors of Recent Priapulomorpha from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. Chinese Science Bulletin 49: 1860–1868.
• Han, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z.−F., Liu, J−N., and Degan, D.−G. 2007b. New observations on the palaeoscolecid worm Tylotites petiolarisfrom the Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, south China. Paleontological Research 11: 59–69. doi:10.2517/1342−8144(2007)11[59:NOOTPW] 2.0.CO;2
• Han, J., Zhang, Z−F., Liu, J., and Shu, D−G. 2007b. Evidence of priapulid scavenging from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits, Southern China. Palaios 22: 691–694.
• Han, J., Zhang, X.−L., Zhang, Z.−F., and Shu, D.−G. 2003. A new platy−armored worm from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China. Acta Geologica Sinica 77: 1–6.
• Hinz, I., Kraft, P., Mergl, M., and Müller, K.J. 1990. The problematic Hadimopanella, Kaimenella, Milaculum and Utahphospha identified as sclerites of Palaeoscolecida. Lethaia 23: 217–221. doi:10.1111/j.1502−3931.1990.tb01362.x
• Hollingsworth, J.S. 2005. The earliest occurrence of trilobites and brachiopods in the Cambrian of Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 220: 153–165. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.08.008
• Hou, X.−G., Aldridge, R.J., Bergström, J., Siveter, D.J., Siveter, D.J., and Feng, X.−H. 2004. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life. 233 pp. Blackwell, Oxford.
• Hou, X.−G. and Bergström, J. 1994. Palaeoscolecid worms may be nematomorphs rather than annelids. Lethaia 27: 11–17. doi:10.1111/j.1502−3931. 1994.tb01548.x
• Hou, X.−G. and Sun, W.−G. 1988. Discovery of Chengjiang fauna at Meishucun, Jinning, Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27: 1–12.
• Hu, S.−X. 2005. Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota from eastern Yunnan. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 7: 1–197.
• Hu, S.−X., Li, Y., Luo, H.−L., Fu, X.−P., You, T., Pang, J.−Y., Liu, Q., and Steiner, M. 2008. New record of palaeoscolecids from the early Cambrian of Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 82: 244–248.
• Huang, D.−Y. 2005. Early Cambrian worms from SW China: morphology, systematics, lifestyles and evolutionary significance. 230 pp. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France.
• Huang, D.−Y., Chen, J.−Y., and Vannier, J. 2006. Discussion on the systematic position of the Early Cambrian priapulomorph worms. Chinese Science Bulletin 51: 243–249. doi:10.1007/s11434−004−0329−5
• Huang, D.−Y., Vannier, J., and Chen, J.−Y. 2004a. Anatomy and lifestyles of Early Cambrian priapulid worms exemplified byCorynetis and Anningvermis from the Maotianshan Shale (SW China). Lethaia 37: 21–33. doi:10.1080/00241160410005088
• Huang, D.−Y., Vannier, J., and Chen, J.−Y. 2004b. Recent Priapulidae and their Early Cambrian ancestors: comparisons and evolutionary significance. Geobios 37: 217–228. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.04.004
• Ivantsov, A.Yu. and Wrona, R. 2004. Articulated palaeoscolecid sclerite arrays from the Lower Cambrian of eastern Siberia. Acta Geologica Polonica 54: 1–22.
• Kraft, P. and Mergl, M. 1989. Worm−like fossils (Palaeoscolecida: ?Chaetognatha) from the Lower Ordovician of Bohemia. Sborník geologických věd. Paleontologie, řada P 30: 9–36.
• Lagebro, L., Stein, M., and Peel, J.S. 2009. A new ?lamellipedian arthropod from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of North Greenland. Journal of Paleontology 85: 820–825. doi:10.1666/09−011.1
• Lehnert, O. and Kraft, P. 2006. Manitouscolex, a new palaeoscolecidan genus from the Lower Ordovician of Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 80: 386–391. doi:10.1666/0022−3360(2006)080[0386:MANPGF]2.0.CO;2
• Lemburg, C. 1995. Ultrastructure of sense organs and receptor cells of the neck and lorica of Halicryptus spinulosus larva (Priapulida). Microfauna Marina 10: 7–30.
• Lin, T.−R. 1995. Discovery of late early Cambrian worm from Huainan, Anhui [in Chinese, with English summary]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 34: 503–508.
• Maas, A., Huang, D.−Y., Chen, J.−Y., Waloszek, D., and Braun, A. 2007. Maotianshan−Shale nemathelminthes—Morphology, biology and the phylogeny of Nemathelminthes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 288–306. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.019
• Mikulic, D.G., Briggs, D.E.G., and Kluessendorf, J. 1985. A new exceptionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, U.S.A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 311: 75–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0140
• Mount, J.D. 1976. Early Cambrian faunas from eastern San Bernardino County, California. Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society 8: 173–182.
• Mount, J.D. 1980. Characteristics of early Cambrian faunas from eastern San Bernardino County, California. In: Paleontological tour of the Mojave Desert, California−Nevada. Southern California Paleontological Society Special Publication 2: 19–29.
• Müller, K.J. and Hinz−Schallreuter, I. 1993. Palaeoscolecid worms from the Middle Cambrian of Australia. Palaeontology 36: 549–592.
• Palmer, A.R. and Repina, L.N. 1993. Through a glass darkly: taxonomy, phylogeny, and biostratigraphy of the Olenellina. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, New Series 3: 1–35.
• Paterson, J.R. and Brock, G.A. 2007. Early Cambrian trilobites from Angorichina, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, with a new assemblage from the Pararaia bunyerooensis Zone. Journal of Paleontology 81: 116–142. doi:10.1666/0022−3360(2007)81[116:ECTFAF]2.0.CO;2
• Peel, J.S. and Larsen, N.H. 1984. Hadimopanella apicata from the lower Cambrian of western North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 121: 89–96.
• Peel, J.S. and Stein, M. 2009. A new arthropod from the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte of North Greenland. Bulletin of Geosciences 84: 625–630.
• Powell, W. 2009. Comparison of geochemical and distinctive mineralogical features associated with the Kinzers and Burgess Shale formations and their associated units. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 277: 127–140. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.016
• Resser, C.E. and Howell, B.F. 1938. Lower Cambrian Olenellus zone of the Appalachians.Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 49: 195–248.
• Robison, R.A. 1969. Annelids from the Middle Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah. Journal of Paleontology 43: 1169–1173.
• Schmidt−Rhaesa, A., Bartolomaeus, T., Lemburg, C., Ehlers, U., and Garey, J.R. 1998. The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system. Journal of Morphology 238: 263–285. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097−4687 (199812)238:3<263::AID−JMOR1>3.0.CO;2−L
• Siveter, D.J., Williams, M., Peel J.S., and Siveter, D.J. 1996. Bradoriida (Arthropoda) from the early Cambrian of North Greenland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86: 113–121.
• Skinner, E.S. 2005. Taphonomy and depositional circumstances of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Kinzers Formation (Cambrian), southeastern Pennsylvania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 220: 167–192. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.09.015
• Stein, M. (in press). A new arthropod from the Early Cambrian of North Greenland, with a “great appendage”−like antennula. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
• Stein, M., Peel, J.S., Siveter, D.J., and Williams, M. (in press). Isoxys (Arthropoda) with preserved soft anatomy from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, lower Cambrian of North Greenland. Lethaia. doi.10.1111/j.1502−3931.2009.00189.x
• Steiner, M., Zhu, M.−Y., Zhao, Y.−L., and Erdtmann, B.−D. 2005. Lower Cambrian Burgess Shale−type fossil associations of South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 220: 129–159. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.06.001
• Sørensen, M.V., Hebsgaard, M.B., Heiner, I., Glenner, H., and Kristensen, R.M. 2008. New data from an enigmatic phylum: evidence from molecular sequence data supports a sister−group relationship between Loricifera and Nematomorpha. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 46: 231–239. doi:10.1111/j.1439−0469.2008.00478.x
• Sun, W.−G. and Hou, X.−G. 1987. Early Cambrian worms from Chengjiang, Yunnan, China: Maotianshaniagen. nov. [in Chinese, with English summary]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26: 299–305.
• Taylor, R.S. 2002. A new bivalved arthropod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna, North Greenland. Palaeontology 45: 97–123. doi: 10.1111/1475−4983.00229
• van den Boogard, M. 1989a. A problematic microfossil, Hadimopanella? coronata sp. nov., from the Ordovician of Estonia. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 92: 179–190.
• van den Boogard, M. 1989b. Isolated tubercles of some Palaeoscolecida. Scripta Geologica 90: 1–12.
• Waggoner, B. and Hagadorn, J.W. 2004. An unmineralized alga from the Lower Cambrian of California, USA. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 231: 67–83.
• Whittard, W.F. 1953. Palaeoscolex piscatorum gen. et sp. nov., a worm from the Tremadocian of Shropshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 109: 125–136. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1953.109.01−04.07
• Williams, M., Siveter, D.J., and Peel, J.S. 1996: Isoxysfrom the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland. Journal of Paleontology 70: 947–954
• Wills, M.A. 1998. Cambrian and Recent disparity: the picture from priapulids. Paleobiology 24: 177–199.
• Wrona, R. and Hamdi, B. 2001. Palaeoscolecid sclerites from the Upper Cambrian Mila Formation of the Shahmirzad section, Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica 51: 101–107.
• Zhang, X.−G. and Pratt, B.R. 1996. Early Cambrian palaeoscolecid cuticles from Shaanxi, China. Journal of Paleontology 70: 275–279.
• Zhuravlev, A.Y. and Riding, R. (eds.) 2001. The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. 525 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Zhu M.−Y., Babcock, L.E., and Peng, S.−C. 2006. Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: Integrating correlation techniques, paleobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeoworld 15: 217–222. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2006.10.016