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Evolutionary changes in the ribbing density on body chambers in samples of the scaphitid ammonite Hoploscaphites constrictus (J. Sowerby, 1817) are used for time correlation of the Kazimierz Opoka (Late Maastrichtian, Belemnella kazimiroviensis Zone, Poland) with the Danish White Chalk succession. It is proposed that the upper part of the Kazimierz Opoka corresponds to the lower part of the B. kazimiroviensis Zone in Denmark while the lower part of the unit probably corresponds to the upper part of the Belemnitella junior Zone in Denmark. This correlation, if correct, suggests diachronism of the lower boundary of the B. kazimiroviensis Zone.
Pycnodonte simile (Pusch, 1837) is revised and redescribed on the basis of a new material from the type horizon and area, i.e., Danian deposits of Puławy region, Middle Vistula Valley, Central Poland. Neotype of the species is designated. Variability and relations of Pycnodonte simile to other pycnodont oysters, especially to Pycondonte vesiculare (Lamarck, 1806), are considered.
Life positions of three oyster species, Actinostreon gregareun (J. Sowerby, 1816), Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817), and Nanogyra virgula (Defrance, 1820) from the Polish Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian and Volgian) sequences, mainly from the parautochthonous shell beds, are reconstructed. The oysters reveal variation in morphology and/or settling behaviour, which is interpreted in terms of ecophenotypic response to the fluctuations in sedimentation rate and the softness of substrate. Both A. gregareum and D. delta could 'choose' between a mud-sticking and reclining mode of life. The latter sfrategy is manifested e.g., by a cup-shaped, Gryphaea-like morphotype documented for the first time in D. delta. N. virgula was previously regarded as a cup-shaped recliner, but the collected material suggests that many specimens could live in a lateral position or form clusters composed of mutually attached specimens. Sedimentation rates during the oyster life cycles can be inferred from the reconstructed oyster life positions and ranged from approximately 7-13 cm in the case of largest mud-sticking specimens to nil in flat, fan-shaped recliners. The oyster life habits can thus provide valuable insights into sedimentary and ecologic dynamics of oyster shell beds. The Actinostreon beds originated under dynamic bypassing conditions, whereas Deltoideum beds in a regime of starvation or total bypassing of sediment. In the case of the Nanogyra virgula beds, the evidence is ambiguous due to difficulties in reconsfructing the life attitude of many specimens of this species.
Late Maastrichtian and earliest Danian scaphitid ammonites from key sections in the Maastricht area in the Netherlands and Belgium, Hemmoor in Germany, Stevns Klint (Sjælland) and Jylland in Denmark, the Lublin Upland in Poland and Lviv in the Ukraine, are studied. In total, thirteen scaphitid taxa are recognised: Hoploscaphites constrictus lvivensis subsp. nov., H. c. crassus, H. c. johnjagtisubsp. nov., H. tenuistriatus, H. pungens, H. schmidi, H.sp. ex gr. pungens–schmidi, H. felderi, H. sp. ex gr. waagei–angmartussutensis, Acanthoscaphites (Euroscaphites) varians varians, A. (E.) varians blaszkiewiczi, A. (E.?) verneuilianus and A. (E.?) sp. aff. verneuilianus. Sexual dimorphism is demonstrated for several species. Additionally, developmental polymorphism of males is proposed to explain a size−dependent variation of ornament in microconchs of H. c. crassus. The extinction pattern of European scaphitids is difficult to assess for methodological reasons. The available data indicate, however, that the Hoploscaphites constrictus lineage survived unaffected until the very end of the Cretaceous and even crossed the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. The latest Maastrichtian populations of this lineage, assigned to H. c. johnjagti subsp. nov., are dominated by individuals with pronounced ribbing and tuberculation of the body chamber. This may reflect increased predation pressure, indirectly related to the late Maastrichtian regression. The successive members of the Hoploscaphites constrictuslineage, i.e., Hoploscaphites constrictus lvivensissubsp. nov., H. c. crassus, and H. c. johnjagti subsp. nov. are useful for subdivision of upper Maastrichtian deposits.
A complete uppermost Maastrichtian–Danian succession in the Sumbar River section, western Kopet Dagh (southwest Turkmenistan, Central Asia), constitutes one of the few instances in the world where the fossil record of the last ammonites can be directly positioned with respect to the iridium−rich, impact−related clay layer, which defines the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Two ammonite taxa, Baculites cf. vertebralis and Hoploscaphites constrictus johnjagti, range up to a level directly beneath the K–Pg boundary clay in the Sumbar River section. Thus, these two forms probably survived until the very end of the Maastrichtian in the western Kopet Dagh area. The terminal Maastrichtian ammonite records from the Sumbar River area represent the southeasternmost occurrences of these essentially Boreal taxa.
Isolated marginal teeth and tooth crowns of Late Campanian and Late Maastrichtian mosasaurid reptiles (Squamata, Platynota) from the Wisła River valley area, central Poland, are described and illustrated. These comprise two Late Campanian taxa from Piotrawin quarry: Prognathodon sp. and Plioplatecarpinae sp. A., and four late Late Maastrichtian taxa from Nasiłów quarry: Mosasaurus cf. hoffmanni Mantell, 1829, M. cf. lemonnieri Dollo, 1889c, “Mosasaurus (Leiodon) cfr. anceps” sensu Arambourg (1952), and Plioplatecarpinae sp. B. In addition, the previously described fragmentary jaw with associated teeth of the Late Campanian age from Maruszów quarry (west of the Wisła River area), is reassigned to Mosasaurus cf. hoffmanni. This specimen suggests that M. hoffmanni or a closely related (ancestral?) species already appeared in Europe during the Late Campanian (well−documented European occurrences of M. hoffmanni are Late Maastrichtian in age). At least part of the described mosasaur material is likely to stem from periodic feeding in the area (broken−off or shed tooth crowns) or from floating carcasses (complete teeth and jaw fragments).
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