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Expression patterns of candidate genes with important functions in animal metabolism can help to identify potential molecular markers for cattle production traits. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction is a method for rapid and accurate mRNA quantification. However, for exact comparison of mRNA quantity in various samples or tissues, it is important to choose appropriate reference genes. In cattle, little information is available on the expression stability of housekeeping genes (HKGs). The aim of the present study is to develop a set of reference genes that can be used for normalization of concentrations of mRNAs of genes expressed in the bovine liver, kidney, pituitary and thyroid. The study was performed on 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old bulls of dairy and meat cattle breeds. Six HKGs were investigated: ACTB, GAPDH, HPRTI, SDHA, TBP, and YWHAZ. The most stably expressed potential reference HKGs differed among tissues/organs examined: ACTB, TBP, YWHAZ, GAPDH, HPRTI, and SDHA in the liver; GAPDH and YWHAZ in the kidney; GAPDH and SDHA in the pituitary; and TBP and HPRTI in the thyroid. The results showed that the use of a single gene for normalization may lead to relatively large errors, so it is important to use multiple control genes based on a survey of potential reference genes applied to representative samples from specific experimental conditions.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Advanced Paternal Age (APA) has been shown to be a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, such as autism. We have recently shown that mice conceived by old fathers display behavioral abnormalities which resemble key diagnostic symptoms of human autism, including social deficits, communicative defects and repetitive behaviors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the transcriptomic profiles of brains and placentas collected from fetuses conceived by young (CTR) or old (APA) fathers, in order to reveal molecular mechanisms acting early in life leading to postnatal autistic behaviors. METHODS: Tissues were subjected to genome-wide mRNA expression analysis using Agilent microarray technology and subsequently to Real time qPCR validation. RESULTS: Comparison of fetal brains transcriptomic profiles of CTR and APA offspring revealed that paternal age affected the expression of 1060 genes in males and 857 genes in females. Comparisons of placentas revealed alteration of 3383 genes in males and 711 genes in females. Gene set enrichment analysis performed using i.e. the KEGG pathway database, identified significant functional clusters involved in axonal growth, extracellular matrix receptors, neuroactive ligand receptors and cytokine receptors, in fetal brains. Intriguingly, placental group of deregulated genes represented functional networks involved in neuronal and metabolic pathways. qPCR confirmed that expression of genes involved in axonal growth (Neurod2, Neurod6, Epha5) were deregulated in brains of male fetuses, and that neuronal-related genes (Nrxn3, Hif3a) were expressed by the placenta and deregulated in APA mice. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that early events of brain development could be altered in fetuses conceived by old males, consistent with an indirect influences of the placenta on early neurodevelopment programming, which could underlie the subsequent onset of behavioral alterations.
Transcriptome profiling of chronic social stress (CSS) effects on the brain revealed changes in expression of many genes responsible for alterations of structure and function of the central nervous system. However, there is still little information on dynamics of gene expression in the brain during chronic stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the time course of mouse hippocampal transcriptome response in CSS. Gene expression was assessed using Agilent microarrays. Number of genes showed specific expression patterns between CSS and control animals during subsequent time points, including genes involved in glutamate transport (Slc17a6), amyloid sequestration (Ttr) and neuroprotection (Igf2, Igfbp2). Study revealed dynamics of gene expression patterns and novel molecular effectors of behavioral effects of stress.
Alcoholism is a complex disease with hereditary influence. To elucidate genetic contribution, microarrays were used to probe for differences in gene expression in limbic system structures in strains of rats selected for several generations for alcohol preference: Warsaw High Preferring (WHP) strain and Warsaw Low Preferring (WLP) strain. Microarray analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus (HP) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) gene expression patterns revealed 237, 416 and 756 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the strains (FC>1.5; adj P<0.05). While the NAc showed a substantially larger number of DEGs, there was a considerable overlap in expression profiles between the studied brain areas: 104 common transcripts changed in the same direction in the mPFC, HP, and NAc. Several functional groups, including genes involved in the action of corticosteroids, prostaglandins, glutamate, or GABA activity were found to be significantly overrepresented and may play an important role in establishing a high level of voluntary alcohol drinking in our model. The results suggest candidate genes for alcohol preference quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification.
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