PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
2009 | 60 | 4 |

Tytuł artykułu

Rakotwórcze działanie dymu tytoniowego

Autorzy

Treść / Zawartość

Warianty tytułu

EN
Carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke

Języki publikacji

PL

Abstrakty

PL
Badania epidemiologiczne i doświadczalne na zwierzętach dowodzą, że istnieją zależności typu dawka-odpowiedź pomiędzy liczbą wypalonych papierosów i ryzykiem raka płuca, narażeniem na smołę papierosową lub dym papierosowy i nowotworami skóry lub rakiem płaskokomórkowym tchawicy i płuc. Wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne (PAH) oraz lotne i swoiste dla tytoniu N-nitrozoaminy są głównymi czynnikami rakotwórczymi dymu tytoniowego. Związki te wymagają aktywacji metabolicznej z udziałem enzymów biotransformujących. Wrażliwość osobnicza na działanie chemicznych kancerogenów jest uwarunkowana genotypowo i fenotypowo. Wartości stężeń smoły, nikotyny, tlenku węgla, benzo[a]pirenu i N-nitrozonornikotyny w dymie papierosowym, uzyskane metodą maszynowego palenia, wyraźnie zaniżają rzeczywiste narażenie palaczy na te substancje. Na skład chemiczny dymu papierosowego i na ryzyko nowotworowe i poza nowotworowe istotnie wpływają: rodzaj tytoniu i jego modyfikacje oraz zawartość azotanów w tytoniu. Dodatki do tytoniu, w tym substancje uwalniające amoniak nie wpływają na skład chemiczny dymu i jego działanie toksyczne. Filtry papierosowe, porowatość bibułki, długość papierosa i jego obwód oraz grubość krajanki tytoniowej mają istotne znaczenie dla chemicznego składu dymu papierosowego.
EN
Both epidemiological and experimental studies provide evidence of the dose-effect relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and lung cancer risk, exposure to tar or tobacco smoke and skin cancers or squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea and lung. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile N-nitrosamines, and also tobacco specific N-nitrosamines are considered to be the major carcinogens in tobacco smoke. To exert carcinogenic effect these compounds require previous metabolic activation by biotransformation enzymes. Individual susceptibility to chemical carcinogens is genotype and phenotype dependent. Machine-measured yields of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzo[a]pyrene and Nnitrosonornicotine in cigarette smoke are significantly lower than actual intake by smokers. The following features have significant influence on the tobacco smoke composition, cancer risk and other disease risks relative to cigarette smoking: tobacco type and its modifications and also nitrate content in tobacco. Tobacco additives, including ammonia releasing substances, do not contribute to cigarette smoke composition and its toxicity. Filters, paper porosity, cigarette length and circumference as well as the number of tobacco cuts per inch (whether it is coarse-cut or fine-cut tobacco) are of primary significance for the chemical composition of cigarette smoke and health risk.

Słowa kluczowe

Wydawca

-

Rocznik

Tom

60

Numer

4

Opis fizyczny

s.299-310,tab.bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor
  • Zakład Biochemii Toksykologicznej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Collegium Medicum w Krakowie, ul.Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków
autor

Bibliografia

  • 1. Allen D.D., Lockman P.R.: The blood-brain barrier choline transporter as a brain drug delivery vector. Life Sci. 2003, 73, 1609-1615.
  • 2. Allen D.D., Lockman P.R., Roder K.P., Dwoskin I.P., Crooks P.A.: Active transport of high-affinity choline and nicotine analogs into the central nervous system by the blood-brain barrier choline transporter. J. Pharm. Exper. Therap. 2003, 304, 1268-1274.
  • 3. Armitage A.K., Dixon M., Frost B.E., Mariner D.C., Sinclair N.M.: The effect of inhalation volume and breathhold duration on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on subsequent plasma nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2004a, 21, 240-249.
  • 4. Armitage A.K., Dixon M., Frost B.E., Mariner D.C., Sinclair N.M.: The effect of tobacco blend additives on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on subsequent plasma nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2004b, 17, 537-544.
  • 5. Armitage A.K., Turner D.H.: Absorption of nicotine in cigarette and cigar smoke through the oral mucosa Nature (London) 1970, 226, 1231-1232.
  • 6. Baker R.R.: The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms. Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 1984, 10, 88-150.
  • 7. Baker R.R.: Smoke chemistry. In: Davis E.L., Nielsen M.T. (Eds.). Tobacco, Production. Chemistry and Technology. Blackwell Science. Oxford 1999, 398-439.
  • 8. Baker R.R., Dixon M.: The retention of tobacco smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 2006, 18, 255-294.
  • 9. Baker R.R., Massey F.D., Smith C.: An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004, 42S, S53-S83.
  • 10. Belinsky S.A., Foley J.F., White C.M., Anderson M.W., Maronpot R.: dose-response relationship between O6- methylguanine formation in Clara cells and induction of pulmonary neoplasia in the rat with 4-(methylnitro- Samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Res. 1990, 50, 3772-3780.
  • 11. Benowitz N.L., Hall S.M., Herning S.I., Jacob P.III, Jones R.T., Osman A.L.: Smokers of low yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine during cigarette smoking. New Engl. J. Med. 1983, 309, 139-142.
  • 12. Benowitz N.L., Henningfield J.E.: Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction. The implications for tobacco regulation. New Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331, 123-125.
  • 13. Bernfeld P., Homberger F., Russfield A.B.: Strain differences in the response of inbred Syrian hamsters to cigarette smoke inhalation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1974, 53, 1141-1157.
  • 14. Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D.: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXV. The pH of tobacco smoke. Food Cosm. Toxicol. 1974, 12, 115-124.
  • 15. Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D., Gairola C.G., Lee B.C.: Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1994, 32, 917-922.
  • 16. Brunnemann K.D., Masaryk J., Hoffmann D.: The role of tobacco stems in the formation of N-nitrosamines in tobacco and cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 1983, 31, 1221-1224.
  • 17. Brunnemann K.D., Yu L., Hoffmann D.: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XVII. Assessment of carcinogenic volatile N-nitrosamines in mainstream and sidestream smoke from cigarettes. Cancer Res. 1977, 37, 3218-3222.
  • 18. Callicutt C.H., Cox R.H., Hsu F., Kinser R.D., Laffoon S.W., Lee P.N., Podraza K.F., Sanders E.B., Seeman J.I.: The role of ammonia in the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to mainstream smoke. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2006, 46, 1-17.
  • 19. Cascorbi I., Brockmöller J., Mrozikiewicz P.M., Bauer S., Loddenkemper R., Roots I.: Homozygous rapid arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) genotype as a susceptibility factor for lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3961-3966.
  • 20. Connolly G.N., Wayne G.D., Lymperis D., Doherty M.C.: How cigarette additives are used to mask environmental smoke. Tob. Control 2000, 9, 283-291.
  • 21. CORESTA Standard Smoking Methods 23: Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Determination of total particulate matter and preparation for water and nicotine measurements. CORESTA Inform. Bull., 1991, 1991-3, 141-151.
  • 22. Dalbey W.E., Nettesheim P., Griesemer R., Caton J.E., Guerin M.R.: Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke by F344 rats. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1980, 64, 383-390.
  • 23. Davis B.R., Whitehead J.K., Gill M.E., Lee P.N., Butterworth A.D., Roe F.J.: Response of rat lung to tobacco smoke condensate or fractions derived from it ministered repeatedly by intratracheal installation. Br. J. Cancer 1975, 31, 453-461.
  • 24. DeBardeleben M.Z., Claflin W.E., Gannon W.F.: Role of cigarette physical characteristics on smoke composition. Recent Advan. Tob. Sci. 1978, 4, 85-111.
  • 25. Devesa S.S., Shaw G.L., Blot W.J.: Changing patterns of lung cancer incidence by histologic type. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1991, 1, 29-34.
  • 26. Dixon M., Lambing K., Seeman J.I.: On the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the smoker. A brief review of ammonia and “pH” factors. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2000, 19, 103-113.
  • 27. Djordjevic M.V., Stellman S.D., Zang E.: Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000, 92, 106-111.
  • 28. Doll R., Hill A.B.: Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. Br. Med. J., 1950, 2, 739-748.
  • 29. Dontenwill W., Chevalier H.J., Harke H.P., Lafrenz U., Reckzeh G., Schneider B.: Investigations on the effects of chronic cigarette smoke inhalation in Syrian golden hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1973, 51, 1781-1832.
  • 30. Doull J., Frawley J.P., George W.: List of ingredients added to tobacco in the manufacture of cigarettes by six major American cigarette companies. Tob. J. Int. 1994, 196, 32-39.
  • 31. El-Bayoumy K., Iatropoulos M., Amin S., Hoffmann B., Wynder E.L.: Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamine)-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanone: Impact of a high-fat diet. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 1400-1403.
  • 32. Fisher B.: Filtering new technology. Tob. Reporter 2000, 127, 46-47.
  • 33. Fournier J.A., Paine III.J.B., Seeman J.I., Armstrong D.W., Chen X.: Thermal mechanisms for the transfer of amines, including nicotine, to the gas phase and aerosols. Heterocycles 2001, 55, 59-74.
  • 34. Gaworski C.L., Dozier M.M., Heck J.D., Gerhard J.M., Rajendran N., David R.M., Brennecke L.H., Morrissey R.: Toxicological evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: 13-week inhalation exposures in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 1998, 10, 357-381.
  • 35. Gellatly G., Uhl R.G.: Method for removal of potassium nitrate from tobacco extracts. U.S. Patent 4, 131, 118, December 26, 1978.
  • 36. Graham E.A., Croninger A.B., Wynder E.L.: Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar. IV. Successful experiments with rabbits. Cancer Res., 1957, 17, 1058-1066.
  • 37. Gray N., Henningfield J.E., Benovitz N.L., Connolly G.N., Dresler C., Fagertstrom K., Jarvis M.J., Boyle P.: Toward a comprehensive long term nicotine policy. Tob. Control 2005, 14, 161-165.
  • 38. Green C.R., Rodgman A.: The Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference. A half-century of advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products. Recent Advan. Tob. Sci. 1996, 22, 131-304.
  • 39. Grimmer G., Schneider D., Naujack K.W., Dettbarn G., Jacob J.: Intercept-reactant method for the determination of aromatic amines in mainstream tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1995, 16, 141-156.
  • 40. Gschaidmeier H., Seidel A., Oesch F., Burchell B., Bock K.W.: Formation of mono- and diglucuronides and of other glycosides of benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol by V79 cell-expressed human phenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferases of the UGT1 gene complex. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995, 49, 1601-1606.
  • 41. Haag H.B., Larson P.S., Finnegan J.K.: Effect of filtration on the chemical and irritating properties of cigarette smoke. A.M.A. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1959, 69, 261-265.
  • 42. Hecht S.S.: Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem. Res, Toxicol. 1998, 11, 559-603.
  • 43. Hida T., Yatabe Y., Achiwa H., Muramatsu H., Kozaki K.I., Makamura S., Ogawa M., Mitsudomic T., Sugiura S., Takahashi T.: Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, especially in adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 3761-3764.
  • 44. Hoffmann D., Brunnemann K.D., Prokopczyk B., Djordjevic M.V.: Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines. Chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevance to humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1994, 41, 1-52.
  • 45. Hoffmann D., Hoffmann I.: The changing cigarette, 1950- 1995. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997, 50, 307-364.
  • 46. Hoffmann D., Wynder E.L.: The reduction in the tumorigenicity of cigarette smoke condensate by addition of sodium nitrate to tobacco. Cancer Res. 1967, 27, 172-174.
  • 47. Hoffmann D., Wynder E.L.: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XI. Tumor initiation, tumor acceleration, and tumor promoting activity of condensate fraction. Cancer 1971, 27, 848-864.
  • 48. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France. Vol. 38, 1986.
  • 49. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate. Some Industrial Chemicals and Dyestuffs. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Lyon, France 1982, 29, 257-280.
  • 50. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 60. Some Industrial Chemicals. Lyon, France 1999, 73-75, 181-182.
  • 51. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate. Some Industrial Chemicals. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Chumans. Lyon, France 2000, 77, 41- 148.
  • 52. International Standards Organization. Routine Analytical Cigarette Smoking Machine: Part I. Specifications and Standard Conditions. Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 1991, 3308.
  • 53. Jenkins R.W.J., Neroman P.H., Charms M.D.: Cigarette smoke formation. II. Smoke distribution and mainstream pyrolytic composition of added 14C-menthol (U). Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1970, 5, 299-301.
  • 54. Kulkarni A.P.: Lipoxygenases. In: Enzyme Systems that Metabolise Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Ed. Ioannides C. J. Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester UK 2002, 231- 279.
  • 55. Lewis C.I.: The effect of cigarette construction parameters on smoke generation and yield. Recent Advan. Tob. Sci. 1992, 16, 73-101.
  • 56. Mrozikiewicz P.M., Cascorbi I., Brockmöller J., Roots I.: Determination and allelic allocation of seven nucleotide transitions witin the arylamine N-acetyltransferase gene in the Polish population. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1996, 59, 376-382.
  • 57. Mrozikiewicz P.M., Cascorbi I., Brockmöller J., Roots I.: CYP1A1 mutations 4887A, 4889G, 5639C and 6235C in the Polish population and their allelic linkage, determined bypeptide nucleic acid-mediated PCR clamping. Pharmacogenetics 1997, 7, 303-307.
  • 58. Nair M.K., Chetty D.J., Ho H., Chien Y.W.: Biomembrame permeation of nicotine mechanistic studies with porcine mucosae and skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86, 257-262.
  • 59. National Cancer Institute. Tar and Less Hazardous Cigarettes. First Set of Experimental Cigarettes. Smoking and Health Program. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 76-905, 1977a.
  • 60. National Cancer Institute. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. Second Set of Experimental Cigarettes. Smoking and Health Program. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 76-111, 1977b.
  • 61. National Cancer Institute. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. Third Set of Experimental Cigarettes. Smoking and Health Program. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 77- 1280, 1977c.
  • 62. National Cancer Institute. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarette. Fourth Set of Experimental Cigarettes. Smoking and Health Program. DHEW Publication No. (NHI) 80, 1980.
  • 63. Norman V., Ihrig A.M., Larson T.M., Moss B.L.: The effect of nitrogenous blend components on NO/NOx and HCN levels in mainstream and sidestream smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1983, 12, 55-62.
  • 64. Oesch F., Golan M.: Specificity of mouse liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase for K-region epoxides derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Lett. 1980, 9, 169-175.
  • 65. Pillsbury H.C., Bright C.C., O’Connor K.J., Irish F.W.: Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 1969, 52, 458-462.
  • 66. Radominska-Pandya A., Czernik P.J., Little J.M., Battaglia E., Mackenzie P.I.: Structural and functional studies of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab. Rev. 1999, 31, 817-899.
  • 67. Roberts D.L.: Natural tobacco flavor. Recent Advan. Tob. Sci. 1988, 14, 49-81.
  • 68. Roy P., Kulkarni A.P.: Cooxidation of acrylonitryle by soybean lipoxygenase and partially purified human lung lipoxygenase. Xenobiotica 1999, 29, 511-531.
  • 69. Sawicki J., Moschel R.C., Dipple A.: Involvement of both Syn- and Anti-dihydrodiol-epoxydes in the binding of 7,12-dimethylnenz(a)anthracene to DNA in mouse embryo cell cultures. Cancer Res. 1983, 43, 3212-3218.
  • 70. Scharping C.E., McManus M.E., Holder G.M.: NADPHsupported and arachidonic acid-supported metabolism of the enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene-7,8- diol by human liver microsomal samples. Carcinogenesis 1992, 13, 1199-1207.
  • 71. Schmeltz I., Wenger A., Hoffmann D., Tso T.C.: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. 63. On the fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigarette. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27, 602-608.
  • 72. Schumacher J.N.: The isolation of 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O- [(+)-3-methylvaleryl]-b-D-glucopyranose from tobacco. Carbohydrate Res. 1970, 13, 1-8.
  • 73. Seeman J.I.: Possible role of ammonia on the deposition, retention and absorption of nicotine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2007, 44, 326-343.
  • 74. Seeman J.I., Corchman R.A.: The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 1863-1881.
  • 75. Singer B., Essigmann J.M.: Site-specific mutagenesis: Retrospective and prospective. Carcinogenesis 1991, 12, 945-955.
  • 76. Spears A.W.: Selective filtration of volatile phenolic compounds from cigarette smoke. Tob. Sci. 1963, 7, 76-80.
  • 77. Spears A.W., Jones S.T.: Chemical and physical criteria for tobacco leaf of modern day cigarettes. Recent Advan. Tob. Sci. 1981, 7, 19-39.
  • 78. Starek A.: Skutki zdrowotne narażenia zawodowego na substancje chemiczne u palaczy tytoniu. Med. Pracy 2002, 53, 73-77.
  • 79. Stellman S.D., Muscat J.E., Thompson S., Hoffmann D., Wynder E.L.: Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking. Cancer 1997, 80, 362-368.
  • 80. Terrell J.H., Schmeltz I.: Alteration of cigarette smoke composition. II. Influence of cigarette design. Tob. Sci. 1970, 14, 82-85.
  • 81. Tso T.C., Chaplin J.P., Adams J.D., Hoffmann D.: Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf and smoke characteristics of burley tobaccos. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1982, 11, 141-150.
  • 82. Tsuda M., Kurashima Y.: Tobacco smoking, chewing and snuff dipping. Factors contributing to the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1991, 21, 243-253.
  • 83. Wayne G.R., Connolly G.N., Henningfield J.F.: Brand differences of free-base nicotine delivery in cigarette smoke. The view of the tobacco industry documents. Tob. Control 2006, 15, 189-198.
  • 84. Willems E.W., Rambali B., Vleeming W., Opperhuizen A., van Amster J.G.C.: Significance of ammonium compounds on nicotine exposure to cigarette smokers. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44, 678-688.
  • 85. Wynder E.L., Graham E.A.: Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1950, 143, 329-336.
  • 86. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D.: Reduction of tumorigenicity of tobacco smoke. An experimental approach. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1965, 192, 85-94.
  • 87. Wynder E.L., Kopf P., Ziegler H.: A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. II. Dose-response studies. Cancer 1957, 10, 1193-1200.
  • 88. Zhang Z.Y., Fasco M.J., Huang L., Guengerich F.P., Kaminsky L.S.: Characterization of purified human recombinant cytochrome P4501A1- Ile462 and –Val462: assessment of a role for the rare allele in carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3926-3933.

Uwagi

Rekord w opracowaniu

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikatory

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-03a1eaad-19a4-4651-9bbe-7292f7af7a46
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.