Metoda oceny środowiska przyrodniczego na przykładzie Afryki

• Autorzy: Dumanowski B. , Plit F.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Method of the evaluation of natural environment (for example Africa)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

The article includes the hypothesis stating that the differentiation of natural environment can be utilized as a synthetic index for the investigation of the relationships between the natural environment and man. The hypothesis is based on the following assumptions: (a) the phenomena, that have been observed in maps, of co-existence of differentiation of environment and concentration of population; (b) views held in literature, expressed by various specialists, that the differentiated environment encourages the development of culture; (c) on the logical assumption according to which in a situation when one of the two interrelated phenomena undergoes change, this usually entails change within the other phenomenon. Attempt was made at verification of the hypothesis on the example of the African continent. The first stage was to draw comparable maps of differentiation of the particular elements of natural environment (geological structure, relief, climate, water relations, soils and plant cover) at the scale 1 : 10 000 000, the differentiation having been calculated for the fields delimited by the geographical projection (fields of a side of 1°, the continent thus having been divided into 2,561 fields). The maps of differentiation of relief, climate and water relationships were drawn on the basis of maps of differentiation of the particular features of these elements, so they are partly synthetical, whereas maps of geological structure, soils and plant cover were based on typological maps of those elements for the African continent. Differentiation of the particular elements was presented in all the maps in five classes. The second stage was to draw a synthetical map of differentiation of natural environment on the basis of maps of differentiation of the particular elements. It is based on the ratio of classes that characterize the differentiation of elements in the given field of a side of 1°. The values received were grouped in five classes comprised within the following sections: class I 1-5¹ class II 5¹ - 5³ class III 5³ - 5⁴ class IV 5⁴ - 5⁵ class V > 5⁵ Fields grouped under class I have the least differentiated natural environment, whereas fields included in class V are marked by the greatest differentiation of natural environment. The next stage was to compare the map of differentiation of natural environment of Africa with the map of the density of population of the continent. In order to facilitate comparisons, the density of population was also presented within five classes (class I - the least populated areas, class V - areas of the largest density of population) and in identical baisic fields of a side 1°. It turned out that small density of population corresponds to the fields marked by small differentiation of environment, and the increase in differentiation is accompanied by the increase in the density of population. More than a half of fields (1,394, i. e. 54.5%) belong to the same class in both maps, and 39.1% (1,003 fields) differ only by one class. Thus, in more than 90% of cases there are no differences in classes between the differentiation of environment and density of population, or they are negligible. The article also includes the discussion about the shortcomings and virtues of the suggested method of evaluation of natural environment through its differentiation.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Prace i Studia Geograficzne
• Rocznik: 1985
• Tom: 08
• Opis fizyczny: s.9-40,tab.,map.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Dumanowski B.

autor

Plit F.

Bibliografia

• Bates M. (1969), The human ecosystem, w: Resources and man, National Research Council, s. 21-30.
• Carte des sols d'Afrique, Institut Géographique Militaire, Bruxelles, 1 : 5 mil., 1963-64.
• Carte géologique de l' Afrique, UNESCO, 1 : 5 mil., Paris 1963.
• Climatological Atlas of Africa, Lagos-Nairobi 1961.
• Dmitrewski J. D. (1969), Waprosy ocienki prirodnowo potiencjała Afriki, jego atdielnych stran i regionow, Problemy Afriki. Cz. 1, s. 156-160.
• Dubos R. (1968), Environmental determinants of human life, in: Environmental influence, ed. D. C. Glass, s. 138-154.
• Dumanowski B. (1961), Forms of spherical cavities in the Stołowe Mountains, Zesz. Nauk. Univ. Wrocł. Seria B. Nr 8.
• Dumanowski B. (1968), The influence of geographical environments on distribution and density of population in Africa, „Africana Bulletin” No 9.
• Dumanowski B. (1971), Środowisko a ewolucja, „Kosmos” A, z. 1.
• Dumanowski B. (1974), The influence of the geographical environment on the location of towns in Africa, in: „Studies in Geography in Hungary”, 11, Man and Environment, s. 213-219.
• Inger R. F. i in. (ed.) (1972), Man in the living environment.
• International Tectonic Map of Africa, UNESCO. 1: 5 mil., 1968.
• Isard W. (1972), Ecologic-economic analysis for regional development.
• Istock C. i in. (1972), Ecosystems for human benefit, in: Man in the living environment, ed. R. F. Inger and others.
• Karasik G. J. (1970), Wodnyj balans Afriki, Ak. Nauk SSSR, Moskwa.
• Klimaticzeskij sprawocznik Afriki, t. 1, Leningrad 1967.
• Knoch K., Schulze A. (1956), Precipitation, temperature and sultriness in Africa, Hamburg.
• Łopatina J. B., Mints A. A. i in. (1971), The present state and future tasks in the theory and method of an evaluation of the natural environment and resources, Soviet Geography, vol. 12, No 3, s. 142-151.
• Łopatina J. B., Nazarewski O. R. (1966), Woprosy regionalnoj kompleksnoj ekonomiczeskoj ocenki prirodnych riesursow i usłowij, Izw. Ak. Nauk SSSR, Seria gieogr., No 1, s. 99-108.
• Łopatina J. B., Nazarewski O. R. (1972), Ocenka prirodnych uslowij żizni nasielenia.
• Marks K. (1950), Kapitał.
• Muchina Ł. I. (1970), Woprosy mietodiki ocenki prirodnych kompleksow, Izw. Akad. Nauk SSSR, No 6, s. 141-149.
• Nazarevski O. R. (1971), The selection of elements of the physical-geographic environment and of aspects of human occupance for an evaluation of physical living conditions, Soviet Geography, vol. 12, No 3, s. 157-171.
• Romer R. (1962), Regiony klimatyczne Polski, Wybór prac, t. III, s. 252-475.
• Schmidt E. A., Mattingly P. (1966), Das Bevölkerungsbild Afrikas um das Jahr 1960, Geographische Rundschau, H. 12, s. 447-458.
• Schmithüsen J., Sonderdruck der Vegetationskarte aus dem achtem Band des Grossen Duden-Lexikons, 1 : 25 mil.
• Spirkin A. G. (1969), Zarys filozofii marksistowskiej.
• Vegetation Map of Africa, South of the Tropic of Cancer, Oxford University Press, 1 : 10 mil., 1959.
• World Aeronautical Chart, Aeronautical Chart Service, 1 : 1 mil., 1942-1952.
• Young A. (1973), Rural land evaluation, in: Evaluating the human environment, ed. J. A. Dawson and J. C. Doornkamp, s. 5-33.