Q fever - selected issues

• Autorzy: Bielawska-Drozd A. , Cieslik P. , Mirski T. , Bartoszcze M. , Knap J. P. , Gawel J. , Zakowska D.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Q fever is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by Gram-negative coccobacillus Coxiella burnetii, belonging to the Legionellales order, Coxiellaceae family. The presented study compares selected features of the bacteria genome, including chromosome and plasmids QpH1, QpRS, QpDG and QpDV. The pathomechanism of infection – starting from internalization of the bacteria to its release from infected cell are thoroughly described. The drugs of choice for the treatment of acute Q fever are tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones. Some other antimicrobials are also active against C. burnetii, namely, telitromycines and tigecyclines (glicylcycline). Q-VAX vaccine induces strong and long-term immunity in humans. Coxevac vaccine for goat and sheep can reduce the number of infections and abortions, as well as decrease the environmental transmission of the pathogen. Using the microarrays technique, about 50 proteins has been identified which could be used in the future for the production of vaccine against Q fever. The routine method of C. burnetii culture is proliferation within cell lines; however, an artificial culture medium has recently been developed. The growth of bacteria in a reduced oxygen (2.5%) atmosphere was obtained after just 6 days. In serology, using the IF method as positive titers, the IgM antibody level >1:64 and IgG antibody level >1:256 (against II phase antigens) has been considered. In molecular diagnostics of C. burnetii infection, the most frequently used method is PCR and its modifications; namely, nested PCR and real time PCR which detect target sequences, such as htpAB and IS1111, chromosome genes (com1), genes specific for different types of plasmids and transposase genes. Although Q fever was diagnosed in Poland in 1956, the data about the occurrence of the disease are incomplete. Comprehensive studies on the current status of Q fever in Poland, with special focus on pathogen reservoirs and vectors, the sources of infection and molecular characteristics of bacteria should be conducted.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Q fever; animal species; man; Coxiella burnetii; intracellular parasite; parasite; htpAB gene; IS1111 gene; genome; plasmid; pathomechanism; infection; bioterrorism; epidemiology; epizootiology; treatment; prophylaxis; laboratory diagnostics; serological method; molecular diagnostics

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: 20
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.222-232,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Bielawska-Drozd A.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

autor

Cieslik P.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

autor

Mirski T.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

autor

Bartoszcze M.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

autor

Knap J. P.

• Department of Epidemiology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland

autor

Gawel J.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

autor

Zakowska D.

• Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Forland F, Jansen A, de Carvalho Gomes H, Nøkleby H, Escriva A-B, Coulombier D, et al. Risk assessment on Q fever. ECDC Technical Report.www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/1005TE_R_Risk_Assessment_ Q fever (access: 2012.06.04).
• 2. The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2008. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(1): 241–247.
• 3. Marrie TJ. Q fever, volume I: the disease. CRC Press Boca Raton, 1990.
• 4. Derrick EH. Q fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigations. Med J Aust. 1937; 2: 281–289.
• 5. Burnet FM, Freeman M. Experimental studies on the virus of “Q” fever. Med J Aust. 1937; 2: 299–305.
• 6. Madariaga MG, Rezai K, Trenholme GM, Weinstein RA. Q fever: a biological weapon in your backyard. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3(11): 709–721.
• 7. Waag DM. Coxiella burnetii: host and bacterial responses to infection. Vaccine 2007; 25(42): 7288–7295.
• 8. Angelakis E, Raoult D. Q fever. Vet Microbiol. 2010; 140(3–4): 297–309.
• 9. Oyston PCF, Davies C. Q fever: the neglected biothreat agent. J Med Microbiol. 2011; 60: 9–21.
• 10. Herzberg K. The epidemiology of Q fever in Germany. Deut Gesundheitswesen 1950; 5: 1095–1100.
• 11. Waag DM. Q fever. In: Lenhart MK. Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare, Washington D.C. 1997, p.199–213.
• 12. Stempień R, Deroń Z, Górski T, Libich M, Vogel A, Dadak M. Imported leather raw materials as a cause of Q fever. Przegl Epidemiol. 1985; 39(2): 218–223.
• 13. Piesiak Z, Anusz Z, Knap J, Ziemka J. Outbreak of Q fever in a leather industry plant. Vet Med. 1988; 44(6): 339–342.
• 14. Norlander L. Q fever epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect. 2000; 2(4): 417–424.
• 15. Bossi P, Tegnell A, Baka A, Van Loock F, Hendriks J, Werner A, et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of Q fever and bioterrorism-related Q fever. Euro Surveill. 2004; 9(12): 1–5.
• 16. Woldehiwet Z. Q fever (coxiellosis): epidemiology and pathogenesis. Res Vet Sci. 2004; 77(2): 93–100.
• 17. Holt JG, Sneath PH, Krieg NR. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
• 18. McCaul TF, Williams JC. Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations. J Bacteriol. 1981; 147: 1063–1076.
• 19. Rehacek J. Q fever. In: Rehacek J, Tarasevich IV: Acari-borne Rickettsiae & Rickettsioses in Eurasia, Veda Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1988.p.203–343.
• 20. Williams JC, Thompson HE. Q fever: the biology of Coxiella burnetii. CRC Press Boca Raton, 1991.
• 21. McCaul TF. The development cycle of Coxiella burnetii. In: Williams JC, Thomson HA. Q fever: The Biology of Coxiella burnetii, CRS Press Boca Raton 1991.p. 223–258.
• 22. Mallavia LP, Minnick MF. Coxiella burnetii as an etiologic agent. In: Anusz Z. Q Fever in Humans and Animals, ART Olsztyn 1995.p.70–84.
• 23. Anusz Z. Q fever in humans and animals. ART Olsztyn, 1995.
• 24. Thiele D, Willems H, Haas M, Krauss H. Analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of the cryptic plasmid QpH1 from Coxiella burnetii. Eur J Epidemiol. 1994; 10(4): 413–420.
• 25. Beare PA, Unworth N, Andoh M, Voth DE, Omsland A, Gilk SD et al. Comparative genomics reveal extensive transposon-mediated genomic plasticity and diversity among potential effector proteins within the genus Coxiella. Infect Immun. 2009; 77(2): 642–656.
• 26. Samuel JE, Frazier ME, Mallavia LP. Correlation of plasmid type and disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Infect Immun. 1985; 49(3): 775–779.
• 27. Svraka S, Toman R, Skultety L, Slaba K, Homan WL. Establishment of a genotyping scheme for Coxiella burnetii. FEMS Microbiol Lett.2006; 254(2): 268–274.
• 28. Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O, Sekeyova Z, Fourous G, Tyczka J et al. Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 1: 1211–1217.
• 29. Beare PA, Samuel JE, Howe D, Virtaneva K, Porcella SF, Heinzen RA. Genetic diversity of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, assessedby microarray-based whole-genome comparisons. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(7): 2309–2324.
• 30. Andoh M, Nagaoka H, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H, Hirai K. Comparison of Japanese isolates of Coxiella burnetii by PCR-RFLP and sequenceanalysis. Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 48(12): 971–975.
• 31. Sekeyova Z, Roux V, Raoult D. Intraspecies diversity of Coxiella burnetii as revealed by com1 and mucZ sequence comparison. FEMS MicrobiolLett. 1999; 180(1): 61–67.
• 32. Beare PA, Porcella SF, Seshadri R, Samuel JE, Heinzen RA. Preliminary assessment of genome differences between the reference Nine Mileisolate and two human endocarditis isolates of Coxiella burnetii. AnnN Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1063: 64–67.
• 33. Hendrix LR, Samuel JE, Mallavia LP. Differentiation of C. burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separatedby SDS-PAGE. J Gen Microbiol. 1991; 137(2): 269–276.
• 34. Jäger C, Willems H, Thiele D, Baljer G. Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates. Epidemiol Infect. 1998; 120(2): 157–164.
• 35. Knap JP. Q fever in Poland – the omitted threat (a discussion challenge).Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2009; 15: 202–217.
• 36. Fournier P, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36(7): 1823–1834.
• 37. Voth DE, Heinzen RA. Lounging in a lysosome: the intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii. Cell Microbiol. 2007; 9(4): 829–840.
• 38. Marmion BP, Sukocheva O, Storm PA, Lockhart M, Turra M, Kok T et al. Q fever: persistence of antigenic non-viable cell residues of Coxiella burnetii in the host—implications for post Q fever infection fatigue syndrome and other chronic sequelae. QJM. 2009; 102: 673–684.
• 39. Raoult D, Marrie T, Mege L. Natural history and pathophysiology of Q fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005; 5(4): 219–226.
• 40. Gutierrez MG, Colombo MI. Autophagosomes: a fast-food joint for unexpected guests. Autophagy 2005; 1(3): 179–181.
• 41. Coleman SA, Fischer ER, Howe D, Mead DJ, Heinzen RA. Temporal analysis of Coxiella burnetii morphological differentiation. J Bacteriol. 2004; 186(21): 7344–7352.
• 42. Vasquez CL, Colombo MI.: Coxiella burnetii modulates Beclin 1 and BCL-2, preventing host cell apoptosis to generate a persistent bacterial infection. Cell Death Differ. 2010; 17: 421–438.
• 43. Marrie TJ. Q fever – a review. Can Vet J. 1990; 31: 555–563.
• 44. Marrie TJ. Coxiella burnetii pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21: 713–719.
• 45. Platt-Samoraj A, Ciecierski H, Michalski M. Role of goats in epizootiology and epidemiology of Q fever. Pol J Vet Sci. 2005; 8(1): 79–83.
• 46. Wierzbanowska-Tylewska S, Kruszewska D, Chmielewski T, Żukowski K, Żabicka J. Ticks as a reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi and Coxiellaburnetii in Poland. Przegl Epidemiol. 1996; 50(3): 245–251.
• 47. Niemczuk K, Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Zarzecka A, Konarska H. Q fever in a cattle herd and humans in the South-Eeasten Poland. Laboratory diagnosis of the disease using serological and molecularmethods. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2011; 55(4): 593–598.
• 48. Niemczuk K. Q fever – epidemiology, zoonotic aspect and administrative proceedings. PIWet-PIB, 2010.
• 49. Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, Trotta RF.: Q fever: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83(5):574–579.
• 50. Wierzbanowska-Tylewska S, Chmielewski T. Tick-borne zoonoses occuring in Poland. Post Mikrobiol. 2010; 49(3): 191–197.
• 51. Niemczuk K, Szymańska-Czerwińska M. Epidemiology, zoonotic aspect and current epidemiological situation of Q fever in Poland. In:Perez-Martin CC. A Bird’s Eye View of Veterinary Medicine, InTech2012.p.380–392.
• 52. Spicer AJ. Military significance of a Q fever: a review. J R Soc Med. 1978; 71: 762–767.
• 53. Moquin RR, Mouqin ME. Weapons of mass destruction: biological. Neurosurg Focus 2002; 12(3): 1–4.
• 54. www.oie.int (access 2012.03.23).
• 55. Pollock KGJ, Mellor DJ, Browning LM, Wilson I, Donaghy M. Q fever in migrant workers, Scotia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13: 1963–1964.
• 56. Mirski T, Bartoszcze M, Bielawska-Drózd A. Globalization and infectious diseases. Przegl Epidemiol. 2011; 64(4): 649–655.
• 57. Galińska EM, Knap JP, Chmielewska-Badora J. Preliminary results of seroepidemiological and clinical examinations for Q fever amongan occupationally-exposed population – preliminary report. Med OgNauk Zdr. 2011; 17(1): 1–6.
• 58. Lutynski R. First focus of Q-fever on the territory of Poland. Przegl Lek. 1956; 12: 187–188.
• 59. Cygan Z, Buczek J, Modzelewska A, Guzik Z. Q-fever diagnosed serologically in a herd of dairy cows. Vet Med. 1983; 39(9): 536–538.
• 60. Mikołajczyk M, Lewińska Z, Łojewska R, Rumin W, Kruszewska D. Serologic reactions in humans during the outbreak of Q fever. PrzeglEpidemiol. 1986; 40(4): 342–348.
• 61. Marczyńska M. Q fever in a 5-year-old girl. Pol Tyg Lek. 1989; 44(28–29): 677–678.
• 62. Anusz Z, Rehacek J, Knap JP, Krauss H, Ciecierski H, Platt-Samoraj A, et al. Sytuacja epizootiologiczno-epidemiologiczna gorączki Q ubydła i ludzi w regionie Żuław. Acta Acad Agricult Tech Olst Vet.1992; 20: 35–43
• 63. Cisak E, Chmielewska-Badora J, Mackiewicz B, Dutkiewicz J. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiellaburnetii among farming population in easternPoland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2003; 10: 265–267.
• 64. Speelman R. The largest Q fever outbreak ever reported. Neth J Med. 2010; 68(12): 380–381.
• 65. Chmielewski T, Sidi-Boumedine K, Duquesne V, Podsiadły E, Thiery R, Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S. Molecular epidemiology of Q fever inPoland. Pol J Microbiol. 2009; 58(1): 9–13.
• 66. Spyridaki I, Psaroulaki A, Vranakis I, Tselentis Y, Gikas A. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of tigecykline against Coxiella burnetii andcomparison with those of six other antibiotics. Antimicrob AgentsChemother. 2009; 53(6): 2690–2692.
• 67. Rolain JM, Lambert F, Raoult D. Activity of telithromycin against thirteen new isolates of C. burnetii including three resistant to doxycycline. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1063: 252–256.
• 68. Morisawa Y, Wakiguchi H, Takechi T, Kurashige T, Nagaoka H. Intractable Q fever treated with recombinant gamma interferon. PediatrInfect Dis J. 2001; 20(5): 546–547.
• 69. Maltezou HC, Raoult D. Q fever in children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002; 2(11): 686–691.
• 70. Gefanaite G, Munster JM, van Houdt R, Hak E. Effectiveness of the Q fever vaccines. A meta-analysis. Vaccine 2011; 29(3): 395–398.
• 71. Gidding HF, Wallace C, Lawrance GL, McIntyre PB. Australia national Q fever vaccination programme. Vaccine 2009; 27: 2037–2041.
• 72. Chen C, Dow C, Wang P, Sidney J, Read A, Harmsen A, et al. Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes in C. burnetii antigens targeted by antibody responses. PLoS One. 2011; 6(3): 1–10.
• 73. Zhang GQ, Samuel JE. Identification and cloning potentially protective antigens of Coxiella burnetii using sera from mice experimentally infected with Nine Mile phase I. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; 990: 510–520.
• 74. Tyczka J, Eberling S, Baljer G. Immunization experiments with recombinant Coxiella burnetii proteins in a murine infection model.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1063: 143–148.
• 75. Beare PA, Chen C, Bouman T, Pablo J, Unal B, Cockrell DC et al. Candidate antigens for Q fever serodiagnosis revealed byimmunoscreening of a Coxiella burnetii protein microarray. ClinVaccine Immunol. 2008; 15(12): 1771–1779.
• 76. Hogerwerf L, van den Brom R, Roest HIJ, Bouma A, Vellema P, Pieterse M, et al. Reduction of Coxiella burnetii prevalence by vaccination of goatsand sheep, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17(3): 379–386.
• 77. Arricau-Bouvery N, Souriau A, Bodier C, Dufour P, Rousset E, Rodolakis A. Effect of vaccination with phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii vaccines in pregnant goats. Vaccine 2005; 23(35): 4392–4402.
• 78. Astobiza I, Barandika JF, Ruiz-Fons F, Hurtado A, Povedano I, Juste RA, et al. Four-year evaluation of the effect of vaccination against C. burnetii on reduction of animal infection and environmental contamination in a naturally infected dairy sheep flock. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011; 77(20): 7405–7407.
• 79. Dutkiewicz J, Cisak E, Sroka J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Zając V. Biological agents as occupational hazards – selected issues. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011; 18(2): 286–293.
• 80. Omsland A, Cockrell DC, Howe D, Fischer ER, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, et al. Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009; 106(11): 4430–4434.
• 81. Waag DM, England MJ, Pitt MLM. Comparative efficacy of a Coxiella burnetii chloroform:methanol residue (CMR) vaccine and a licensed ellular vaccine (Q-Vax) in rodents challenged by aerosol. Vaccine 1997; 15(16): 1779–1783.
• 82. Knap J. The clinic of Q fever in humans. In: Anusz Z. Q fever in Humans and Animals, ART Olsztyn 1995.p.85–109.
• 83. Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2010. www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/1011_sur_annual_epidemiological_report_on_communicable_diseases_in_europe (access 2011.07.22).
• 84. Péter O, Dupuis G, Bee D, Luthy R, Nicolet J, Burgdorfer W. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of chronic Q fever. J ClinMicrobiol. 1988; 26(10): 1978–1982.
• 85. Cowley R, Fernandez F, Freemantle W, Rutter D. Enzyme immunoassay for Q fever: comparison with complement fixation andimmunofluorescence tests and dot immunoblotting. J Clin Microbiol.1992; 30(9): 2451–2455.
• 86. Fenollar F, Raoult D. Molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of fastidious microorganisms. APMIS. 2004; 112(11–12): 785–807.
• 87. Klee SR, Tyczka J, Ellebrok H, Franz T, Linke S, Baljer G, et al. Highly sensitive real-time PCR for specific detection and quantification of Coxiella burnetii. BMC Microbiol. 2006; 6: 1–8.
• 88. Seshadri R, Paulsen TI, Eisen JA, Read TD, Nelson KE, Nelson WC et al. Complete genome sequence of the Q fever pathogen, Coxiellaburnetii. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2003; 100(9): 5455–5460.
• 89. Arricau-Bouvery N, Hauck Y, Bejaoui A, Franguolidis D, Bodier CC, Souriau A et al. Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing. BMC Microbiol.2006; 6: 1–14.
• 90. Hornstra HM, Priestley RA, Georgia SM, Kachur S, Birdsell DN, Hilsabeck R, et al. Rapid typing of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS One. 2011; 6(11): 1–8.
• 91. Mediannikov O, Fenollar F, Socolovschi C, Diatta G, Bassene H, Molez J-F, et al. Coxiella burnetii in humans and ticks in rural Senegal. PLoSNegl Trop Dis. 2010; 4(4): 1–8.
• 92. Leroy Q, Fabrice A, Barby P, Raoult D. Genomotyping of Coxiella burnetii using microarrays reveals a conserved genomotype for hard rick isolates. PLoS One 2011; 6(10): 1–6.