A method for determining relative activity of free flying bats using a new activity index for acoustic monitoring

• Autorzy: Miller B.W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

A new activity index for acoustical bat data is presented. The AI (acoustic activity index) was highly correlated to bat passes but proved to be a less biased index of activity. The method dispenses with the need to define, identify and count bat passes and provides a simple means to quantify activity. It uses the Anabat system where acoustic surveys are carried out in real time with the data saved directly to a computer hard drive, taking advantage of the date-time information encoded into each file. The method is based upon the presence/absence of a species occurrence during one-minute time intervals and avoids skewing an index of activity that may reflect the behavior of the species sampled. Examples are given showing that the AI is an effective measure of bat activity allowing comparisons between sites, times and species.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Chiropterologica
• Rocznik: 2001
• Tom: 03
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.93-105,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Miller B.W.

• Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA

Bibliografia

• Ahlén, I. 1981. Field identification of bats and survey methods based on sounds. Myotis, 18-19: 128-136.
• Ahlén, I. 1990. Identification of bats in flight. Swedish Society for Conservation of Nature, Stockholm, 50 pp.
• Barclay, R. M. R., and G. R Bell. 1988. Marking and observational techniques. Pp. 59-76, in Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 533 pp.
• Bonaccorso, F. J., and N. Smythe. 1972. Punchmarking bats: an alternative to banding. Journal of Mammalogy, 53: 389-390.
• Bradshaw, P. A. 1996. The physical nature of vertical forest habitat and its importance in shaping bat species assemblages. Pp. 199-214, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Britzke, E. R., K. L. Murray, B. M. FIadley, and L.W. Robbins. 1999. Measuring bat activity with the Anabat II System. Bat Research News, 40: 1-3.
• Bull, E. L. 1981. Indirect estimates of abundance of birds. Studies in Avian Biology, 6: 76-80.
• Conroy, M. J. 1996. Techniques for estimating abundance and species richness, abundance indices. Pp. 179-192, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity standard methods for mammals (D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 409 pp.
• Crampton, L. H., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1996. Habitat selection by bats in fragmented and unfragmented aspen mixedwood stands of different ages. Pp. 238-259, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Crome, F. H. J., and G. C. Richards. 1988. Bats and gaps: microchiropteran community structure in a Queensland rain forest. Ecology, 69: 1960-1969.
• Digby, P. G. N., and R. A. Kempton. 1987. Multivariate analysis of ecological communities. Chapman and Hall, London, 206 pp.
• Duffy, A. M., L. F. Lumsden, C. R. Caddle, R. R. Chick, and G. R. Newell. 2000. The efficacy of Anabat ultrasonic detectors and harp traps for surveying microchiropterans in south-eastern Australia. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 127-144.
• Erickson, J. L., and S. D. West. 1996. Managed forests. The western cascades: the effects of serai stage on bat habitat use patterns. Pp. 215-227, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Fenton, M. B. 1970. A technique for monitoring bat activity with results obtained from different environments in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 48: 847-851.
• Fenton, M. B. 2000. Choosing the ‘correct’ bat detector. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 215-224.
• Fenton, M. B., S. L. Jacobson, and R. N. Stone. 1973. An automatic ultrasonic sensing system for monitoring the activity of some bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 51: 291-299.
• Fenton, M. B., H. G. Merriam, and G. L. Holroyd. 1983. Bats of Kootenay, Glacier, and Mount Revelstoke national parks in Canada: identification by echolocation calls, distribution, and biology. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61: 2503-2508.
• Fenton, M. B., D. C. Tennant, and J. Wyszecki. 1987. Using echolocation calls to measure the distribution of bats: the case of Euderma maculatum. Journal of Mammalogy, 68: 142-144.
• Fenton, M. B., N. G. H. Boyle, T. M. Harrison, and D. J. Oxley. 1977. Activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by some African insectivorous bats. Biotropica, 9: 73-85.
• Fullard, J. H. 1989. Echolocation survey of the distribution of the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) on the Island of Kua’I. Journal of Mammalogy, 70: 424-426.
• Gannon, W. L., and W. Bogdanowicz. 2000. Preface. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2(2): i-ii.
• Grindal, S. D. 1996. Habitat use by bats in fragmented forests. Pp. 260-272, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Gotelli, N. J., and G. R. Graves. 1996. Null models in ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 368 pp.
• Hayes, J. P. 1997. Temporal variation in activity of bats and the design of echolocation-monitoring studies. Journal of Mammalogy, 78: 514-524.
• Hayes, J. P. 2000. Assumptions and practical considerations in the design and interpretation of echo- location-monitoring studies. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 225-236.
• Herr, A. 1998. Aspects of the ecology of insectivorous forest-dwelling bats (Microchiroptera) in the western slopes of the Australian Alps. Ph.D. thesis, Charles Stuart University. URL: http:// batcall.csu.edu.au/~aherr/thesis/thesis.pdf.
• Johnson, R. R., B. T. Brown, L. T. Haight, and J. M. Simpson. 1981. Playback recordings as a special avian censusing technique. Studies in Avian Biology, 6: 68-75.
• Jones, G., N. Vaughn, and S. Parsons. 2000. Acoustic identification of bats from directly sampled and time expanded recordings of vocalizations. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 155-170.
• Krusic, R. A., and C. D. Neefus. 1996. Habitat associations of bat species in the White Mountain National Forest. Pp. 185-198, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay, and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Kalko, E. K. V. 1997. Diversity in tropical bats. Pp. 13-43, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biodiversity and Systematics in Tropical Ecosystems (H. Ulrich, ed.). Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, 357 pp.
• Kalko, E. K. V., and M. Braun. 1991. Foraging areas as an important factor in bat conservation: estimated capture attempts and success rate of Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl, 1819). Myotis, 29: 55-60.
• Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper Collins, New York, 654 pp.
• Kutt, A. 1993. Notes on recording reference sequences of bat echolocation calls and bat activity at different height levels. Australasian Bat Society Newsletter, 2: 16-23.
• Kunz, T. H., and A. W. Gustafson. 1983. Terms commonly used and misused in the literature pertaining to bats. Bat Research News, 24: 19-22.
• LaVal, R. K., and H. S. Fitch. 1977. Structure, movements, and reproduction in three Costa Rican bat communities. Occasional Papers, The Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 69: 1-28.
• Ludwig, J. A., and J. F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 337 pp.
• Marion, W. R., T. E. O’Meara, and D. S. Maehr. 1981. Use of playback recordings in sampling elusive or secretive birds. Studies in Avian Biology, 6: 81-85.
• Nichols, J. D., and M. J. Conroy. 1996. Techniques for estimating abundance and species richness, introduction. Pp. 177-234, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity standard methods for mammals (D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 409 pp.
• Ochoa G., J., M. J. O’Farrell, and B. W. Miller. 2000. Contribution to acoustic methods to the study of insectivorous bat diversity in protected areas from northern Venezuela. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 171-183.
• O’Farrell, M. J. 1998. A passive monitoring system for Anabat II using a laptop computer. Bat Research News, 39: 147-150.
• O’Farrell, M. J., and W. L. Gannon. 1999. A comparison of capture versus acoustic techniques for bat inventories. Journal of Mammalogy, 80: 24-30.
• O’Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 1997. A new examination of echolocation calls of some Neotropical bats (Emballonuridae and Mormoopidae) using Anabat. Journal of Mammalogy, 78: 954-963.
• O’Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 1999. Use of vocal signatures for inventory of free-flying Neotropical bats. Biotropica, 31: 507-516.
• O’Farrell, M. J., B. W. Miller, and W. L. Gannon. 1999. Qualitative identification of free-flying bats using the Anabat detector. Journal of Mammalogy, 80: 11-23.
• Parker, D. L., J. A. Cook, and S. W. Lewis. 1996. Effects of timber harvest on bat activity in southeastern Alaska’s temperate rainforests. Pp. 277-292, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Perdue, M., and J. D. Steventon. 1996. Partial cutting and bats: a pilot study. Pp. 273-276, in Bats and Forests Symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.
• Rand, A. S., and G. E. Drewry. 1994. Acoustic monitoring at fixed sites. Pp. 150-152, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians (W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. A. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 364 pp.
• Rautenbach, I. L., M. B. Fenton, and M. J. Whiting. 1996. Bats in riverine forests and woodlands: a latitudinal transect in southern Africa. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74: 312-322.
• Reith, C. C. 1982. Insectivorous bats fly in shadows to avoid moonlight. Journal of Mammalogy, 63: 685-688.
• Rydell, J., and R A. Racey. 1995. Street lamps and the feeding ecology of insectivorous bats. Pp. 291-307, in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of bats (R A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). Symposia of The Zoological Society of London, 67: xxi + 1-421.
• Rydell, J., A. Bushby, C. Cosgrove, and P. A. Racey. 1994. Habitat use by bats along rivers in Northeast Scotland. Folia Zoologica, 43: 417-424.
• Scott, N. J., and B. D. Woodward. 1994. Surveys at breeding sites. Pp. 118-125, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians (W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. A. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 364 pp.
• Sherwin, R. E., W. L. Gannon, and S. Haymond. 2000. The efficacy of acoustic techniques to infer differential use of habitat by bats. In Contributions to the study of bats: field use of acoustic detectors (W. L. Gannon and W. Bogdanowicz, eds.). Acta Chiropterologica, 2: 145-153.
• Thomas, D. W. 1988. The distribution of bats in different ages of Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 52: 619-626.
• Trujillo, D. 1991. Murcielagos de las Islas Canarias. Coleccion Tecnica, Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Madrid, 167 pp.
• Tuttle, M. D. 1976. Collecting techniques. Pp. 71-88, in Biology of the bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Pdrt I (R. J. Baker, D. C. Carter, and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds.). Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 218 pp.'
• Vaughan, N., G. Jones, and S. Harris. 1996. Effects of sewage effluent on the activity of bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) foraging along rivers. Biological Conservation, 78: 337-343.
• Voss, R. S., and L. H. Emmons. 1996. Mammalian diversity in the Neotropical lowland rainforests: a preliminary assessment. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 230: 1-115.
• Zimmerman, B. L. 1994. Audio strip transects. Pp. 92-97, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians (W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. A. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 364 pp.