Total and inorganic arsenic in fish, seafood and seaweeds - exposure assessment

• Autorzy: Mania M. , Rebeniak M. , Szynal T. , Wojciechowska-Mazurek M. , Starska K. , Ledzion E. , Postupolski J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Background. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), fish, seafood and seaweeds are foodstuffs that significantly contribute to dietary arsenic intake. With the exception of some algal species, the dominant compounds of arsenic in such food products are the less toxic organic forms. Both the Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and EFSA recommend that speciation studies be performed to determine the different chemical forms in which arsenic is present in food due to the differences in their toxicity. Knowing such compositions can thus enable a complete exposure assessment to be made. Objectives. Determination of total and inorganic arsenic contents in fish, their products, seafood and seaweeds present on the Polish market. This was then followed by an exposure assessment of consumers to inorganic arsenic in these foodstuffs. Materials and Methods. Total and inorganic arsenic was determined in 55 samples of fish, their products, seafood as well as seaweeds available on the market. The analytical method was hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), after dry ashing of samples and reduction of arsenic to arsenic hydride using sodium borohydride. In order to isolate only the inorganic forms of arsenic prior to mineralisation, samples were subjected to concentrated HCl hydrolysis, followed by reduction with hydrobromic acid and hydrazine sulphate after which triple chloroform extractions and triple 1M HCl re-extractions were performed. Exposure of adults was estimated in relation to the Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL05) as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) that resulted in a 0.5% increase in lung cancer (3.0 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day). Results. Mean total arsenic content from all investigated fish samples was 0.46 mg/kg (90th percentile 0.94 mg/kg), whilst the inorganic arsenic content never exceeded the detection limit of the analytical method used (0.025 mg/kg). In fish products, mean total arsenic concentration was 1.48 mg/kg (90th percentile: 2.42 mg/kg), whilst in seafood they were 0.87 mg/ kg (90th percentile: 2.23 mg/kg), for inorganic arsenic contamination at the 90th percentile was 0.043 mg/kg with most results however being less than 0.025 mg/kg. The highest inorganic arsenic levels were determined in the Hijiki algal species samples (102.7 mg/kg), whereas the other algal samples gave a mean inorganic concentration of 0.41 mg/kg (90th percentile 0.86 mg/kg). The estimated average adults exposure to inorganic arsenic in fish, seafood and seaweeds was less than 0.5% of the lowest BMDL0.5 dose. Only for the Hijiki seaweed it was at 4.9% BMDL0.5. Conclusions. Results demonstrate that dietary arsenic intake from fish, seafood and seaweed along with all their products do not constitute a significant health threat to consumers apart from the seaweed species Hizikia fusiformis in which over 40% of all the inorganic arsenic compounds were found.

PL

Wprowadzenie. Ryby, owoce morza i wodorosty morskie należą do grupy środków spożywczych, które według Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności (EFSA) mogą wnosić istotny udział do pobrania arsenu z dietą. W tej grupie produktów za wyjątkiem niektórych gatunków glonów, dominującymi formami arsenu są mniej toksyczne organiczne połączenia. Zarówno Połączony Komitet Ekspertów FAO/WHO ds. Substancji Dodatkowych do Żywności (JECFA) jak i EFSA wskazują na celowość prowadzenia badań specjacyjnych pozwalających określić różne formy chemiczne, w jakich arsen występuje w żywności, mając na uwadze duże różnice w ich toksyczności. Poznanie informacji o zawartości poszczególnych związków pozwala na dokonanie pełnej oceny narażenia. Cel badań. Oznaczenie zawartości arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego w rybach i ich produktach, owocach morza i wodorostach morskich dostępnych w obrocie handlowym w Polsce oraz ocena narażenia konsumentów na pobranie arsenu nieorganicznego z tymi grupami środków spożywczych. Materiał i metody. Analizie na zawartość arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego poddano 55 próbek ryb, ich produktów, owoców morza oraz glonów pochodzących z obrotu handlowego. Zawartości arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego oznaczono po suchej mineralizacji próbek metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej z wykorzystaniem generacji wodorków (HGAAS), po uprzedniej redukcji arsenu do arsenowodoru za pomocą borowodorku sodu. W celu wydzielenia nieorganicznych form arsenu próbki przed mineralizacją poddano hydrolizie w środowisku stężonego HCl, a następnie redukcji w obecności kwasu bromowodorowego i siarczanu hydrazyny oraz 3-krotnej ekstrakcji chloroformem i reekstrakcji 1M HCl. Oszacowane narażenie w odniesieniu do osób dorosłych porównano z wartością najniższej dawki wyznaczającej (Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit) BMDL0,5 ustalonej przez The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) powodującej 0,5%-owy wzrost zachorowań na raka płuc (3,0 μg/kg m.c./dzień). Wyniki. Średnia zawartość arsenu całkowitego w badanych próbkach ryb wyniosła 0,46 mg/kg (90-ty percentyl: 0,94 mg/kg), natomiast arsenu nieorganicznego nie przekraczała granicy wykrywalności stosowanej metody 0,025 mg/kg. W przypadku przetworów rybnych średnie zanieczyszczenie arsenem wyniosło 1,48 mg/kg (90-ty percentyl: 2,42 mg/kg) natomiast owoców morza odpowiednio: 0,87 mg/kg (90-ty percentyl: 2,23 mg/kg), dla arsenu nieorganicznego 90-ty percentyl 0,043 mg/kg przy większości wyników poniżej 0,025 mg/kg. Najwyższym zanieczyszczeniem arsenem nieorganicznym charakteryzowały się glony z gatunku Hijiki (najwyższa zawartość 102,7 mg/kg), w pozostałych próbkach glonów średnia zawartość arsenu nieorganicznego wynosiła 0,41 mg/kg (90-ty percentyl: 0,86 mg/kg). Oszacowane średnie narażenie na arsen nieorganiczny w odniesieniu do osób dorosłych wyniosło dla ryb, owoców morza i wodorostów poniżej 0,5% wartości najniższej dawki wyznaczającej BMDL0,5. Jedynie w przypadku gatunku Hijiki było ono rzędu 4,9 % BMDL0,5. Wnioski. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że pobranie arsenu w wyniku spożycia ryb, ich produktów, owoców morza, oraz wodorostów morskich nie stanowi istotnego zagrożenia dla zdrowia konsumentów poza gatunkiem Hizikia fusiformis zawierającym ponad 40% połączeń nieorganicznych arsenu.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

total arsenic; inorganic arsenic; fish; seaweed; exposure assessment; marine food

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: 66
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.203-210,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Mania M.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Rebeniak M.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Szynal T.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Wojciechowska-Mazurek M.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Starska K.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Ledzion E.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

autor

Postupolski J.

• Department of Food Safety, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

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