Paleobiogeography and migration in the Late Cretaceous belemnite family Belemnitellidae

• Autorzy: Christensen W K

Warianty tytułu

PL

Paleobiogeografia i migracje poznokredowych belemnitow z rodziny Belemnitellidae

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Late Cretaceous belemnite family Belemnitellidae Pavlow, 1914, which includes nine genera and two subgenera, occurs only in the Northern Hemisphere, that is in the North European and North American palaeobiogeographical Provinces of the North Temperate Realm, in addition to the northern margin of the Tethyan Realm in Europe. The North European Province is subdivided into the Central European, Central Russian and Baltoscandian Subprovinces. The centre of origin and dispersal of the belemnitellids lay in the North European Province and all known genera and subgenera occur there. The belemnitellids immigrated intermittently into the Tethyan Realm (at least nine times) and the North American Province (at least six times). The majority of the species occurring in the Tethyan Realm are conspecific with those from the North European Province, whereas the species occurring in the North American Province are endemic, with a few exceptions. The endemic species probably evolved by allopatric speciation from initial migrants. More than a score migrations have been recognized within the subprovinces of the North European Province. The palaeogeographical distribution and migration patterns of the belemnitellids were to a certain extent controlled by eustatic sea-level changes, cool or warm climatic phases and competition, although the cause of several migration events cannot be satisfactorily explained at present.

PL

Belemnitellidae Pavlow, 1914 to późnokredowa rodzina belemnitów, obejmująca dziewięć rodzajów i dwa podrodzaje. Przedstawiciele rodziny występowali wyłącznie na półkuli północnej, tj. w prowincjach paleobiogeograficznych północnoeuropejskiej i północnoamerykańskiej w obrębie północnego królestwa klimatu umiarkowanego (North Temperate Realm) oraz na północnych obrzeżach królestwa tetydzkiego (Tethyan Realm) w Europie. W obrębie prowincji północnoeuropejskiej można wyróżnić trzy podprowincje: środkowoeuropejską, środkoworosyjską oraz bałtoskandzką. Obszarem, na którym belemnitellidy powstawały i z którego się rozprzestrzeniały na inne obszary, była prowincja północnoeuropejska. Znane są stąd wszystkie rodzaje i podrodzaje wyróżnione w obrębie rodziny. Z prowincji północnoeuropejskiej belemnitellidy zapuszczały się na obszary królestwa tetydzkiego (co najmniej dziewięć razy) oraz prowincji północnoamerykańskiej (co najmniej sześć razy). Większość gatunków występujących na obszarze królestwa tetydzkiego znanych jest także z prowincji północnoeuropejskiej, natomiast wiekszość gatunków prowincji północnoamerykańskiej to endemity. Te ostatnie powstawały zapewne na drodze specjacji allopatrycznej z imigrantów. W obrębie prowincji północnoeuropejskiej odnotowano łącznie ponad dwadzieścia wydarzeń migracyjnych między jej poszczególnymi subprowincjami. Niektóre zmiany w rozmieszczeniu belemnitellidów można wiązać z eustatycznymi oscylacjami poziomu oceanu światowego, wahaniami klimatycznymi, a także tłumaczyć odziaływaniami konkurencyjnymi między poszczególnymi gatunkami. Przyczyny wielu wydarzeń migracyjnych pozostają jednak niejasne.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

wystepowanie; Ameryka Polnocna; kreda; klimat umiarkowany; Belemnitellidae; warunki klimatyczne; paleontologia; paleobiogeografia; Europa Polnocna; belemnity; migracja

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 1997
• Tom: 42
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: s.457-495,tab.,rys.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Christensen W K

• Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark

Bibliografia

• Ali-Zade, A.A. 1972. Cretaceous belemnites of Azerbaijan [in Russian]. 279 pp. Nedra, Moskva.
• Bailey, H.W., Gale, A.S., Mortimore, R.N., Swiecicki, A., & Wood, C.J. 1983. The Coniacian-Maastrichtian Stages of the United Kingdom, with particular reference to southern England. - Newsletters in Stratigraphy 12, 29-42.
• Barnes, C., Hallam, A., Kaljo, D., Kauffman, E.G., & Walliser, O.H. 1996. Global event stratigraphy. In: O.H. Walliser (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, 319-333. Springer, Berlin.
• Bergström, J., Christensen, W.K., Johansson, C., & Norling, E. 1973, An extension of Upper Cretaceous rocks to the Swedish west coast at Särdal. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 22, 83-154.
• Birkelund, T. 1956. Upper Cretaceous belemnites from West Greenland. - Meddelelser om Grønland 137, 1-30.
• Birkelund, T. 1965. Ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of West Greenland. - Meddelelser om Grønland 179, 1-192.
• Christensen, W.K. 1973. The belemnites and their stratigraphical significance. In: J. Bergström, W.K. Christensen, C. Johansson, & E. Norling, An extension of Upper Cretaceous rocks to the Swedish west coast at Särdal. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 22, 113-140.
• Christensen, W.K. 1974. Morphometric analysis of Actinocamax plenus from England. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 23, 1-26.
• Christensen, W.K. 1975. Upper Cretaceous belemnites from the Kristianstad area in Scania. - Fossils and Strata 7, 1-69.
• Christensen, W.K. 1976. Palaeobiogeography of Late Cretaceous belemnites of Europe. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift 50, 113-129.
• Christensen, W.K. 1982. Late Turonian-early Coniacian belemnites from western and central Europe. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 31, 63-79.
• Christensen, W.K. 1986. Upper Cretaceous belemnites from the Vomb Trough in Scania, Sweden. - Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca57, 1-57.
• Christensen, W.K. 1988. Upper Cretaceous belemnites of Europe: State of the art. In: M. Streel & M.J.M. Bless (eds), The Chalk District of the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, 5-16. Natuurhistorisch Museum, Maastricht and Laboratoires de Paléontologie de l'Université d'Etat, Liège.
• Christensen, W.K. 1990a. Actinocamax primus Arkhangelsky (Belemnitellidae; Upper Cretaceous): Biometry, comparison and biostratigraphy. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift 64, 75-90.
• Christensen, W.K. 1990b. Upper Cretaceous belemnite stratigraphy of Europe. - Cretaceous Research 11, 371-386.
• Christensen, W.K. 1991. Belemnites from the Coniacian to Lower Campanian chalks of Norfolk and southern England. - Palaeontology 34, 695-749.
• Christensen, W.K. 1993a. Upper Cretaceous belemnitellids from the Båstad Basin, southern Sweden. - Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 115, 39-57.
• Christensen, W.K. 1993b. Actinocamax cobbani n. sp. from the Coniacian of Montana and Wyoming and the occurrence of Late Cretaceous belemnites in North America and Greenland. - Journal of Paleontology 67, 434-446.
• Christensen, W.K. 1993c. Belemnocamax boweri Crick. an unusual belemnite from the Cenomanian of northwest Germany and eastern England. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 40, 157-166.
• Christensen, W.K. 1995. Belemnitella from the Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian chalk of Norfolk, England. - Special Papers in Palaeontology 51, 1-84.
• Christensen, W.K. 1996. A review of the Upper Campanian and Maastrichtian belemmnite biostratigraphy of Europe. - Cretaceous Research 17, 751-766.
• Christensen, W.K. 1997. The Late Cretaceous belemnite family Belemnitellidae: Taxonomy and evolutionary history. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 44, 59-88.
• Christensen, W.K. (in press). Upper Campanian Belemnitella from Austria. - Beiträge zur Paläontologie 23.
• Christensen, W.K., Bilotte, M., & Hansotte, M. 1993. Additional Late Cretaceous belemnitellids from the Corbières, French Pyrénées and the ammonite biostratigraphy of the Santonian. - Cretaceous Research 14, 101-106.
• Christensen, W.K., Bilotte, M., & Melchior, M. 1990. Upper Cretaceous belemnitellids from the Corbières, French Pyrénées. - Cretaceous Research 11, 359-369.
• Christensen, W.K., Diedrich, C., & Kaplan, U. 1992. Cenomanian belemnites from the Teutoburger Wald, NW Germany. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift 66, 265-275.
• Christensen, W.K. & Hoch, E. 1983. Actinocamax cf. manitobensis from the Kangerdlugssuaq area, southern East Greenland. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 32, 33-42.
• Christensen, W.K., Juignet, P., Breton, G., & Cottard, N. 1993. Bélemnites du Crétacé Supérieur de Normandie (France). - Bulletin trimestrial de la Société Géoloque de Normandie et Amis du Muséum du Havre 80, 29-44.
• Christensen, W.K. & Schmid, F. 1987. The belemnites of the Vaals Formation from the C.P.L. Quarry at Hallembaye in Belgium - Taxonomy, biometry and biostratigraphy. - Geologisches Jahrbuch A 94, 3-37.
• Christensen, W.K. & Schulz, M.-G. 1976. First record of Belemnellocamax balsvikensis (Brotzen, 1960) from NW Germany. - Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 9, 522-531.
• Christensen, W.K. & Schulz, M.-G. 1997. Coniacian and Santonian belemnite faunas from Bornholm, Denmark. - Fossils and Strata 44, 1-73.
• Cieśliński, S. 1963. Die Grundlagen der Biostratigraphie der Oberkreide in Polen. - Berichte der Geologischen Gesellschaft 8, 189-197.
• Cobban, W.A. 1991. Occurrence and significance of the Middle Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) belemnite Actinocamax in central western Montana. - U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1962, 21-26.
• Combémorel, R. 1996. Figuration d'une petite fauna de bélemnites du Crétacé supérieur de Chartreuse (Chaînes Subalpines, France). - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 77, 159-164.
• Combémorel, R., Christensen, W.K., Naidin, D.P., & Spaeth, C. 1981. Les bélemnites. - Cretaceous Research, 2, 283-286.
• Crame, J.A., Lomas, S.A., Pirrie, D., & Luther, A. 1996. Late Cretaceous extinction pattern in Antarctica. - Journal of the Geological Society London 153, 503-506.
• Donovan, D.T. 1954. Upper Cretaceous fossils from Traill and Geographical Society Øer, East Greenland. - Meddelelser om Grønland 72, 1-33.
• Doyle, P. 1988. The belemnite family Dimitobelidae in the Cretaceous of Gondwana. In: J. Wiedmann & J. Kullmann (eds), Cephalopods - Present and Past, 539-552. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
• Doyle, P. 1992. A review of the biogeography of Cretaceous belemnites. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 92, 207-216.
• Doyle, P. & Howlett, P. 1989. Antarctic belemnite biogeography and the break-up of Gondwana. In: J.A. Crame (ed.), Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota. - Geological Society Special Publication 47, 167-182.
• Doyle, P. & Zinsmeister, W.J. 1988. A new dimitobelid belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. - Geological Society of America Memoir 169, 285-290.
• Ernst, G. 1963a. Stratigraphische und gesteinchemische Untersuchungen im Santon und Campan von Lägerdorf (SW-Holstein). - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 32, 71-127.
• Ernst, G. 1963b. Zur Feinstratigraphie und Biostratonomie des Obersanton und Campan von Misburg und Höver bei Hannover. - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 32, 128-147.
• Ernst, G.1964a. Ontogenie, Phylogenie und Stratigraphie der Belemnitengattung Gonioteuthis Bayle aus dem nordwestdeutschen Santon/Campan. - Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 7, 113-174.
• Ernst, I964b. Neue Belemnitellenfunde in der Bottroper Mulde und die stratigraphische Stellung der 'Bottroper Mergel'. - Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 7, 175-198.
• Ernst, G. 1968. Die Oberkreide-Aufschlüsse im Raume Braunschweig-Hannover und ihre stratigraphische Gliederung mit Echinodermen und Belemniten. 1. Teil: Die jüngere Oberkreide (Santon-Maastricht). - Beihefte zu den Berichten der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover 5, 235-284.
• Ernst, G. & Schulz, M.-G. 1974. Sratigraphie und Fauna des Coniac und Santon im Schreibkreide-Richtprofil von Lägerdorf (Holstein). - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 43, 5-60.
• Fletcher, T.P. & Wood, C.J. 1978. Cretaceous rocks. In: H.E. Wilson & P.I. Manning (eds), Geology of the Causeway Coast. - Memoir of the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Sheet 7, 2, 73-172.
• Gale, A.S. 1990. A Milankovitch scale for the Cenomanian. - Terra Nova 1, 420-425.
• Gale, A.S. 1995. Cyclostratigraphy and correlation of the Cenomanian Stage in western Europe. In: M.R. House & A.S. Gale (eds), Orbital Forcing Timescales and Cyclostratigraphy. - Geological Society Special Publication 85, 177-197.
• Gale, A.S. & Christensen, W.K. 1996. Occurrence of the belemnite Actinocamax plenus in the Cenomanian of SE France and its significance. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 43, 68-77.
• Hancock, J.M. 1990. Sea-level changes in the British region during the Late Cretaceous. - Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 100, 565-594. [Misdated 1989].
• Hancock, J.M. 1993. Transatlantic correlations in the Campanian-Maastrichtian stages by eustatic changes of sea-level. In: E.A. Hailwood & R.B. Kidd (eds), High Resolution Stratigraphy. - Geological Society Special Paper 70, 241-256.
• Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G., & Smith, D.G. 1989. A Geologic Time Scale 1989, 263 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., & Vail, P.R. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. - Science 235, 1156-1167.
• Jagt, J.M.M., Deckers, M., Dhondt, A.V., Dortangs, R.W., Felder, P.J., Felder, W.M, Jäger, M., Keutgen, N., Kuypers, M., Michels, G., Reynders, J., Simon, E., Van der Ham, R., Van Knippenberg, P., & Van Neer, R. 1995. Preliminary report of field work at Altembroeck (NE Belgium, Early Maastrichtian). - Belgische Geologische Dienst, Professional Paper 1995/1 276, 1-20.
• Jarvis, I. 1980. Palaeobiology of Upper Cretaceous belemnites from phosphatic chalk of the Anglo-Paris Basin. - Palaeontology 23, 889-914.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1962. The palaeoecology of the Actinocamax plenus Subzone (lowest Turonian) in the Anglo-Paris Basin. - Palaeontology 4, 609-647.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1963. The stratigraphy of the Actinocamax plenus subzone (Turonian) in the Anglo-Paris Basin. - Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 74, 1-34.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1950. Actinocamax from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba. - Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 15, 1-41.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1951. Die Stratigraphie und Belemnitenfauna des Obercampan und Maastricht Westfalens, Nordwestdeutschlands und Dänemarks, sowie einige allgemeine Gliederungs-Probleme der jüngeren borealen Oberkreide Eurasiens. - Beihefte Geologisches Jahrbuch 1, 1-142.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1955. Belemnitella praecursor, probably from the Niobrara of Kansas and some stratigraphic implications. - Journal of Paleontology 29, 876-885.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1960. Youngest marine rocks in Western Interior of North America and the age of the Triceratops-beds; with remarks on comparable dinosaur-bearing beds outside North America, In: A. Rosenkrantz & F. Brotzen (eds), The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, 25-40. International Geological Congress, Report of the twenty-frst session Norden, Part V. Det Berlingske Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1961. Actinocamax from the Upper Cretaceous Benton and Niobrara Formations of Kansas. - Journal of Paleontology 35, 505-531.
• Jetetzky, J.A. 1962. Cretaceous belemnites of New Jersey. In: H.G. Richards & R.C. Ramsdell (eds), The Cretaceous Fossils of New Jersey, 139-161. Paleontology Series, State of New Jersey, Department of Conservation and Economic Development.
• Jeletzky, J.A. 1971. Marine Cretaceous biotic provinces and paleogeography of western and Arctic Canada: illustrated by a detailed study of ammonites. - Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 70-22, 1-92.
• Jenkyns, H.H., Gale, A.S., & Corfield, R.M. 1994. Carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italiah Scaglia and its palaeoclomatic significance. - Geological Magazine 131, 1-34.
• Kaplan, U. & Kennedy, W.J. 1994. Ammoniten des westfälischen Coniac. - Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen 31, 1-155.
• Kaplan, U., Kennedy, W.J., & Ernst, G. 1996. Stratigraphie und Ammonitenfaunen des Campan im südöstlichen Münsterland. - Geologie und Paläontologie inWestfalen 43, 1-133.
• Kauffman, E.G. 1973. Cretaceous Bivalvia. In: A. Hallam (ed.), Atlas of Palaeobiogeography, 353-383. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
• Kauffman, E.G. & Hart, M.B. 1996. Cretaceous Bio-Events.In: O.H. Walliser (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, 285-312. Springer, Berlin.
• Keller, G. 1996. The Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction in planktonic foraminifera; biotic constraints for catastrophe theories. In: N. MacLeod & G. Keller (eds), The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes, 49-83. W.W. Morton & Company, New York.
• Kennedy, W.J. 1989. Thoughts on the evolution and extinction of Cretaceous ammonites. - Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 100, 251-279.
• Kennedy, W.J. 1993. Ammonite faunas of the European Maastrichtian; diversity and extinction. In: M.R. House (ed.), The Ammonoidea: Environment, Ecology and Evolutionary Change. - Systematics Association Special Volume 47, 285-326.
• Keutgen, N. 1997. Belemnella (Belemnella) cf. praearkhangelskii Naidin, 1964 from the Vijlen Member at Altembroeck (NE Belgium, Early Maastrichtian). - Geologie en Mijnbouw 75, 341-347.
• Keutgen, N. & van der Tuuk, L.A. 1990. Belemnites from the Lower Maastrichtian of Limburg, Aachen and Lidge. - Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 44, 1-39.
• Kongiel, R. 1962. On belemnites from the Maastrichtian, Campanian and Santonian sediments in the Middle Vistula Valley (Central Poland). - Prace Muzeum Ziemi 5, 1-148.
• Košták, M. 1996. Late Turonian-Coniacian belemnites (genera Actinocamax Miller and Gonioteuthis Bayle) from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. - Vestnik Českèho geologického ústavu 71, 97-105.
• Machalski, M. 1996. Scaphitid ammonite correlation of the Late Maastrichtian deposits and Denmark. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 41, 369-383.
• MacLeod, N., Rawson, P.F., Forey, P.L., Banner, F.T, Boudagher-Fadel, M.K., Bown, P.R., Burnett, J.A., Chambers, P., Culver, S., Evans, S.E., Jeffery, C., Kaminski, M.A., Lord, A.R., Mitner, A.C., Milner, A.R., Morris, N., Owen, E., Rosen, B.R., Smith, A.B., Taylor, P.D., Urquhart, E., & Young, J.R. 1997. The Cretacous-Tertiary biotic transition. - Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 265-292.
• Makhlin, V.Z. (Mahlin, V.Z.) 1965. New Late Turonian Goniocamax of the Volga area [in Russian]. - Paleontologičeskij Žurnal 4, 26-32. [Translation in Paleontological Journal 1965, 4, 26-32].
• Marcinowski, R. 1972. Belemnites of the genus Actinocamax Miller, 1823, from the Cenomanian of Poland. - Acta Geologica Polonica 22, 247-256.
• Marcinowski, R., Walaszczyk, I., & Olszewska-Nejbert, D. 1996. Stratigraphy and regional development of the mid-Cretaceous (Upper Albian through Coniacian) of the Mangyshlak Mountains, Kazakhstan. - ActaGeologica Polonica 46, 1-60.
• Mitchell, S.F. 1994. New Data on the biostratigraphgy of the Flamborough Chalk Formation (Santonian, Upper Cretaceous) between South Landing and Danes Dyke, North Yorkshire. - Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50, 113-118.
• Mitchell, S.F. 1995. Uintacrinus anglicus Rasmussen from the Upper Cretaceous Flamborough Chalk Formation of Yorkshire: implications for the position of the Santonian-Campanian boundary. - Cretaceous Research 16, 745-756.
• Mitchell, S.F., Paul, C.R.C., & Gale, A.S. 1996. Carbon isotopes and sequence stratigraphy, In: J.A. Howell & J.F. Aitken (eds), High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy: Innovations and Applications. - Geological Society Special Publications 104, 11-24.
• Mortimore, R.N. 1983. The stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Turonian-Campanian in the Southern Province of England. - Zitteliana 10, 27-41.
• Mortimore, R.N. & Wood, C.J. 1986. The distribution of flint in the English Chalk, with particular reference to the 'Brandon Flint Series' and the high Turonian flint maximum. In: G. de G. Sieveking & M.B. Hart (eds), The Scientific Study of Flint and Chert, 7-20. Cambidge University Press, Cambridge.
• Naidin, D.P. (Najdin, D.P.) 1964a. Upper Cretaceous Belemnitella and Belemnella from the Russian Platform and some adjacent regions [in Russian]. - Bulletin' Moskovskogo Obsestva Ispytatelej Prirody, Otdel Geologičeskij 39, 85-97.
• Naidin, D.P. (Najdin, D.P.) 1964b. Upper Cretaceous Belemnites of the Russian Platform and Contiguous Regions, Actinocamax, Gonioteuthis, Belemnellocamax [in Russian]. 190 pp. Izdatel'stvo MGU, Moskva.
• Naidin, D.P. (Najdin, D.P.) 1973. On the relationship between lower rank biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical subdivisions [in Russian]. - Bûletin' Moskovskogo Obsestva Ispytatelej Prirody, Otdel Geologičeskij 48, 50-63.
• Naidin, D.P. (Najdin, D.P.) 1975. Late Maastrichtian belemnitellids of Eurasia [in Russian]. In: V.V. Menner, M.M. Moskvin, D.P. Naidin (D.P. Najdin), A.N. Solovyev (A.N. Solov'ev), & V.N. Shimansky (V.N. Šimanskij) (eds), Evolution and Change of Organic Kingdom at the Mesozoic-Caenozoic Boundary, 91-108. Nauka, Moskva.
• Naidin, D.P. (Najdin, D.P.) 1981. The Russian Platform and the Crimea. In: R.A. Reyment & P. Bengtson (eds), Aspect of Mid-Cretaceous Geology, 29-68. Academic Press, London.
• Neagu, T. & Georgescu, D.M. 1991. Genus Belemnitella in the Campanian of Romania. - Revue Roumaine du Géologie 35, 57-74.
• Niebuhr, B., Volkmann, R., & Schönfeld, J. 1997. Das obercampane polyplocum-Event der Lehrter Westmulde (Oberkreide, N-Deutschland): Bio-/Litho-/Sequenzstratigraphie, Fazies-Entwicklung und Korrelation. - Freiburger Forschungsheft C 468, 211-243.
• Nielsen. A.T. 1995. Trilobite systematics, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Lower Ordovician Komstad Limestone and Huk Formations, southern Scandinavia. - Fossils and Strata 38, 1-374.
• Obradovich, J.D. 1994. A Cretaceous time scale. In: W.G.E Caldwell & E.G. Kaufmann (eds), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. - Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, 379-396. [Misdated 1993].
• Olszewska, D. 1990. Belemnites from the Upper Cretaceous chalk of Mielnik (estern Poland). - Acta Geologica Polonica 40, 111-128.
• Owens, J.P. & Sohl, N.F. 1973. Glauconites from New Jersey-Maryland coastal plain: their K-Ar ages and application in stratigraphic studies. - Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 2811-2838.
• Packer, S., Hart, M.B., Tocher, B.A., & Braley, S. 1989. Upper Cretaceous microbiostratigraphy of Bornholm, Denmark. In: Batten, D.J. & Keen, M.C. (eds), Northwest European Micropalaeontology and Palynology, 236-247. Ellis Jorwood, Chicester.
• Paul, C.R.C., Mitchell, S.F., Marshall, J.D., Leary, P.N., Gale, A.S., Duane, A.M., & Dichtfield, P.W. 1994. Palaeoceanographic events in the Middle Cenomanian of Northwest Europe. - Cretaceous Research 15, 707-738.
• Peake, N.B. & Hancock, J.M. 1961. The Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk. - Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society 19, 293-339.
• Reid, R.E.H. 1971. The Cretaceous rocks of north-eastern Ireland. - Irish Naturalists' Journal 17, 105-129.
• Reid, R.E.H, 1976. The chalk sea. - Irish Naturalists' Journal 17, 357-375.
• Schmid, F. 1953. Schlüsselprofile der Oberen Kreide NW-Deutschlands. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift 27, 234-236.
• Schmid, F. & Schulz, M.-G. 1979. Belemnella gracilis (Archangelsky) von Adelholzen bei Siegsdorf in Oberbayern. In: J. Wiedmann (ed.), Aspekte der Kreide Europas. - International Union of Geological Sciences A 6, 151-158.
• Schulz, M.-G. 1979. Morphometrisch-variationsstatistische Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie der Belemniten-Gattung Belemnella im Untermaastricht NW-Europas. - Geologisches Jahrbuch A 47, 1-157.
• Schulz, M.-G. 1982. Erster Nachweis der Belemnitengattung Belemnitella (B. pulchra n. sp.) im mittleren Untermaastricht NW-Deutschlands. - Geologisches Jahrbuch A 61, 279 - 293.
• Schulz, M.-G. 1996. Macrofossil biostratigraphy. In: J. Schönfeld & M.-G. Schulz (coord.), J.M. McArthur, J. Burnett, A. Gale, U. Hambach, H.J. Hansen, W.J. Kennedy, K.L. Rasmussen, M.F. Thirwall, & D.S. Wray, New results on biostratigraphy, palaeomagnetism, geochemistry and correlation from the standard section for the Upper Cretaceous White Chalk of northern Germany (Lägerdorf-Kronsmoor-Hemmoor). - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 77, 548-550.
• Schulz, M.-G., Ernst, G., Ernst, H., & Schmid, F. 1984. Coniacian to Maastrichtian stage boundaries in the standard section for the Upper Cretaceous White Chalk of NW Germany (Lägerdorf-Kronsmoor-Hemmoor): definition and proposas. - Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 33, 203-215.
• Schulz, M.-G. & Schmid, F. 1983. Die Belemniten der Inoceramen-Mergel (Buntmergelserie, Ultrahelvetikum, Unter-Maastricht) des Moos-Grabens SE Siegsdorf (Oberbayern) und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung. - Zitteliana 10, 653-661.
• Schönfeld, J. & Schulz, M.-G. (coord.), McArthur, J.M., Burnett, J., Gale, A., Hambach, U., Hansen, H.J., Kennedy, W.J., Rasmussen, K.L., Thirwall, M.F., & Wray D.S. 1996. New results on biostratigrahy, palaeomagnetism, geochemistry and correlation from the standard section for the Upper Cretaceous white chalk of northern Germany (Lägerdorf-Kronsmoor-Hemmoor). - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 77, 545-575.
• Seibertz, E. & Spaeth, C. 1995. Die Kreide-belemniten von Mexico II. Belemniten desTuron Nord-Mexicos. - Berlinerr Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E 16, 45-51.
• Séronie-Vivien, M. 1972. Contribution à l'Etude du Sénonien en Aquitaine Septentrionale. Ses Stratotypes: Coniacien, Santonien, Campanien, Les Stratotype Français 2. Comité Français de Stratigraphie.195 pp. Centre Nationalde la Récherche Scientifique, Paris.
• Smith, A.G., Smith, D.G., & Funnelll, B.M. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. 99 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Sohl, N.F, 1987. Cretaceous gastropods: Contrasts between Tethys and the Temperate Provinces. - Journal of Paleontology 61, 1085-1111.
• Stevens, G.R. 1973. Cretaceous belemnites. In: A. Hallam (ed.), Atlas of Palaeobiogeography, 285-401. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
• Stolley, E. 1920. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der norddeutschen oberen Kreide. V. Über Gault und Tourtia bei Lüneburg und Helgoland, sowie die Belemniten der norddeutschen Tourtia überhaupt. - Jahresbericht des Niedersächsischen geologischen Vereins zu Hannover 13, 45-71.
• Stoyanova-Vergilova, M & Jolkicev, N. 1993. Representatives of the genus Belemnitella of Bulgaria (Upper Cretaceous). - Geologica Balcanica 23, 25-53.
• Whitham, F. 1993. The stoatigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Flamborough Chalk Formation north of Humber, north-east England. - Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 49, 235-258.
• Williams, G.D. & Stelck, C.R. 1975. Speculations on the Cretaceous palaeogeography of North America. In: W.G.E. Caldwell (ed.), The Cretaceous System in the Western Interior of North America. - Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 13, 1-20.
• Wood, C.J. & Mortimore, R.N. 1995. An anomalous Black Band succession (Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval) at Melton Ross, Lincolnshire, eastern England and its international significance. - Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E 16, 277-287.
• Wood, C.J. & Schmid, F. 1991. Upper Cretaceous of Helgoland (NW Germany): Lithology, palaeontology and biostratigraphy. - Geologisches Jahrbuch A 120, 37-61.
• Wood, C.J. & Smith, E.G. 1978. Lithostratigraphical classification of the Chalk in North Yorkshire, Humberside and Lincolnshire. - Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 42, 263-287.
• Wright, C.W. & Wright, E.V. 1951. A survey of the fossil Cephalopoda of the Chalk of Great Britain; Primarily a nomenclatorial revision of Daniel Sharpe's monograph (1853-57). - Palaeontographical Society Monographs, 1-40.