EN
During processing, oxidative mechanisms involving phenolics, such as enzymatic browning, can occur and may modify sensory and nutritional qualities. Basically, enzymatic browning can be defined as an initial oxidation of phenolic compounds catalyzed by polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) in the presence of oxygen. Caffeoyl esters and catechins (monomers) are the prevalent substrates for PPOs. On the contrary, glycosides of flavonols and anthocyanins are poor or not substrates, but they are also degraded. In fact, the quinones enzymatically formed are very reactive chemical entities which are subjected to further secondary reactions. Quinones can oxidize other phenolic compounds ar.d be reduced to the original phenol. They can also react with nucleophiles such as thiols and also phenols to produce adducts. Secondary reactions have been followed at various pH by HPLC coupled with diode array detection. New compounds formed have been isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and identified by MS and NMR. In model solutions containing both chlorogenic acid and (-)-epicatechin, the tristimulus color values L*a*b*were strongly correlated to initial and degraded amounts of chlorogenic acid and (-)-epicatechin determined by HPLC. An increase in chlorogenic acid leads to an increase in a* (redness), whereas (-)-epicatechin was almost without effect. Apple phenolic solutions were oxidized and followed by HPLC. By multilinear regression analysis, L*, a* and b* were correlated to both the initial and oxidized amounts in each phenolic class: hydroxycinnamic esters, flavanols, flavonols and dihydrochalcones. Caffeic esters appeared to be the main factor in the development of reddish pigments.
PL
Podczas procesów technologicznych może zachodzić enzymatyczne utlenianie fenoli powodujące ciemnienie produktów żywnościowych. Za działanie to odpowiedzialna jest przede wszystkim oksydaza polifenolowa, która katalizuje utlenianie związków fenolowych w obecności tlenu. Substratami dla tego enzymu są głównie estry kwasu kawowego i katechiny (monomeryczne), w mniejszym stopniu glikozydy, flawonole i antocyjany. Także chinony mogą utleniać niektóre związki fenolowe. Wtórne produkty reakcji związków fenolowych były izolowane przy użyciu HPLC i identyfikowane za pomocą MS i NMR. W badaniach modelowych stwierdzono m.in. ciemnienie produktów pod wpływem kwasu chlorogenowego i estrów kwasu kawowego, podczas gdy (-)-epikatechina wykazywała takie działanie tylko w niewielkim stopniu.