Behawioralne i hormonalne wskazniki adaptacyjne u szczurow i swin

• Autorzy: Kowalski A
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Celem pierwszego etapu pracy była ocena przydatności niektórych, wielowskaźnikowych testów behawioralnych w badaniach nad procesami adaptacyjnymi u szczurów. Ponadto ocenia­no przydatność wybranych wskaźników biochemicznych (PNMT, TH, CAT) i hormonalnych (PRL, ACTH, kortykosteronu, adrenaliny, noradrenaliny) w adaptacji u szczurów oraz zbadano wzajemne zależności korelacyjne między wskaźnikami behawioralnymi a biochemiczno-hormonalnymi. Badania zawarte w II etapie miały na celu ocenę przydatności wybranych wskaźników hormonalnych (poziomu adrenaliny noradrenaliny i kortyzolu) podczas adaptacji do niektórych rodzajów stresu ostrego i przewlekłego u świń w warunkach chowu wielkotowarowego. Ponadto badano wzajemne zależności między pozycją socjalną a statusem hormonalnym w procesach adaptacyjnych, podczas kształtowania się hierarchii w grupach świń. Badania udowodniły, że wskaźniki behawioralne testu otwartego pola i wskaźniki hormo­nalne, obejmujące poziom ACTH, prolaktyny, kortykosteronu i noradrenaliny we krwi oraz noradrenaliny w nadnerczach, okazały się w pełni przydatne w ocenie procesów adaptacyjnych u szczurów i wykazały wzajemne ścisłe zależności korelacyjne. Badania przeprowadzone na świniach w warunkach chowu wielkotowarowego wskazały, że wskaźniki hormonalne obejmujące poziom adrenaliny, noradrenaliny i kortyzolu we krwi wykazały dużą przydatność w ocenie procesów adaptacyjnych podczas stresu ostrego, natomiast nie potwierdziły przydatności w badaniach nad adaptacją świń w stresie chronicznym. W trakcie zaburzeń struktury składu osobników w grupie zarówno tuczniki, jak i warchlaki wykazały znaczne zmiany poziomu adrenaliny, noradrenaliny i kortyzolu we krwi, niezależnie od własnego statusu socjalnego i stopnia zadomowienia w grupie. Wykazano również, że osobniki podporządkowane wytwarzają co najmniej dwa typy reakcji adaptacyjnych - o wzmo­żonej i zredukowanej odpowiedzi psychofizjologicznej, oraz że rodzaj behawioru i pozycja socjalna osobnika w grupie świń jest związana z intensywnością i typem hormonalnej reakcji adaptacyjnej.

EN

The first stage of research was aimed at evaluation of usefulness of some multi-index behavioural tests in the course of investigation concerning adaptation processes of rats. The usefulness of some biochemical indices (PNMT, TH, CAT) and hormonal ones (PRL, ACTH, corticosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline) in the above mentioned processes was also exami­ned, together with correlations between behavioural, biochemical and hormonal indices. The purpose of the research presented in the second part of the paper was to evaluate the usefulness of some hormonal indices (levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline and Cortisol) during adaptation to certain kinds of acute and chronic stress, in the case of pigs reared on a large scale. Moreover, the interdependences between social position and hormonal status in adapta­tion processes during hierarchy formation in groups of pigs were studied as well. The research results prove that both behavioural indices of open field test and hormonal ones - including the levels of ACTH, prolactin, corticosterone and noradrenaline in blood and noradrenaline in adrenal glands - are fully applicable as far as evaluation of adaptation processes of rats is concerned, and that they show close correlation dependences. The research concerning pigs reared on a large scale indicates that hormonal indices such as the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol in blood are applicable to evaluation of adaptation processes in the conditions of acute stress, but not in those of chronic one. In the course of disturbances in the group structure, both porkers and piglets show considerable changes in the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol in blood, regardless of the social status of an individual and his position in the group. It was also proved that subordinate individuals exhibit at least two kinds of adaptation reactions - with increased and reduced psychophysiological response, and that the type of behaviour and social position of an individual in a group of pigs are connected with intensity and type of hormonal adaptation reaction.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

adaptacja zwierzat; szczury; trzoda chlewna; wskazniki biochemiczne; wskazniki hormonalne; testy behawioralne; patofizjologia; stresy; korelacja

EN

animal adaptation; rat; pig; biochemical index; hormonal index; behavioural test; pathophysiology; stress; correlation

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis. Veterinaria
• Rocznik: 1996
• Tom: 22,Suppl.C
• Opis fizyczny: s.1-61,rys.,tab.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Kowalski A

• Akademia Rolniczo-Techniczna, Olsztyn

Bibliografia

• Adams D.B. 1979. Brain mechanisms for offense, defense and submission. Behav. Brain Sci., 2: 201-241.
• Anishman H., Zacharko R.M. 1982. Depression: the predisposition influence of stress. Behav. Brain Sci., 5: 89-137.
• Appleby M.C., Lawrence A.B., Illius A.W. 1989. Influence of neighbours on stereotypic behaviour of tethered sows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 24: 137-146.
• Archer J. 1973. Test for emotionality in rats and mice: a review. Anim. Behav., 21: 205-223.
• Armario A., Lopez-Calderon A., Jolin Т., Balasch J. 1986. Response of anterior pituitary hormones to chronic stress. The specifity of adaptation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 3: 245-250.
• Arnone M., Dantzer R. 1980. Does frustration induce aggression in pigs? Appl. Anim. Ethol., 6: 351-362.
• Axelrod J., Mueller R.A., Henry J.P., Stephens P.M. 1970. Changes in enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline and adrenaline after psychosocial stimula­tion. Nature, 225: 1059-1060.
• Axelrod J. 1972. Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase. W: Rali, E., Kopin I.J. (eds.) The thyroid and biogenic amines. Methods Invest. Endocrinol., vol. 1, New York: North Holland Publishing Co.
• Baldi A., Verga M., Maffi M., Canali E., Chiaraviglio D., Ferrari C. 1989. Effects of blood sampling procedures, grouping and adrenal stimulation on stress responses in the growing pig. Reprod. Nutr. Develop., 29: 95-103.
• Baldwin B.A., Bareham J.R., Duncan I.J.H., Ewbank R., Hardwick D.C., Vestergaard K. 1981. Research and development in relation to farm animal welfare. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, s. 88-98.
• Barnett J.L., Cronin G.M., Winfield C.G. 1981. The effects of individual and group penning of pigs on total and free plasma corticosteroids and the maximum corticosteroid binding capacity. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 44: 219-225.
• Barnett J.L., Cronin G.M., Hemsworth P.H., Winfield C.G. 1984. The welfare of confined sows: psychological, behavioural and production responses to contrasting housing systems and handler attitudes. Ann. Rech. Vét., 15: 217-226.
• Baxter M R. 1983. Feeding and aggression in pigs. Appl. Anom. Ethol., 9: 195.
• Baxter M. 1985. Cytowane za Welsh and Baxter (dane nie publikowane). Social space require­ments of pigs. W: Social space for domestic animals. Ed. R. Zayan, Dordrecht, Holandia, s. 116-127.
• Becker B.A., Ford J.J., Christenson R.K., Manak R.C., Hahn G.L., De Shazer J.A. 1985. Cortisol response of gilts in tether stalls. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 264-270.
• Becker B.A., Christianson R.K., Ford J.J., Nienaber J.A., DeShazer J.A., Hahn G.L. 1989. Adrenal nad behawioral responses of swine restricted to varying degrees of mobility. Physiol. Behav., 45: 1171-1176.
• Benton D., Dalrymple-Alford J.C., Brain P.F. 1980. Comparison of measures of dominance in the laboratory mouse. Anim. Behav., 28: 1274-1279. Biochemia Harpera. 1994. PZWL, Warszawa.
• Bohus В., De Kloet E., Veldhuis H. 1983. Adrenal steroids and behavioral adaptation: relationsheeps to brain corticoid receptors. W: Ganten R., Pfaff D. (eds.). Prog. Neuroendocrinol., 2. Springer - Verlag, Berlin.
• Bohus В., Koolhaas J.M., Nyakas V., Steffens A.B., Fokkema D.S., Scheurink A.J.W. 1987. Physiology of stress: a behavioral view. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. (Eds. Wiepkema P.R., van Adrichem P.W.M.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht/Boston/Lancaster., s. 57-70.
• Brain P.F. 1977. Hormones and Aggression, Vol. 1 Churchill, Edinburgh.
• Brain P.F. 1979. Hormones and Aggression, Vol. 2. Eden Press, Montreal.
• Briski K.P., Sylvester P.W. 1987. Effects of repetitive daily acute stress on pituitary LH and prolactin release during exposure to the same stressor or a second novel stress. Psychoneuro- endocrynology, 12: 429-437.
• Broom D.M. 1987. Applications of neurobiological studies to farm animal welfare. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. Wiepkema P.R., Van Adrichem P.W.M. (eds.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht, Holandia, s. 101-110.
• Bryant M.J. 1970. The influence of population density and grouping upon the behaviour of growing pigs. PhD thesis. University of Liverpool.
• Bryant M.J., Ewbank R. 1972. Some effects of stocking rate and group size upon agonistic behaviour in groups of growing pigs. Brit. Vet. J., 128: 64-70.
• Campuzano H.C., Wilkerson J.E., Horvath S.M. 1975. Fluorometric analysis of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Anal.Bioch., 64: 578-587.
• Cannon W.B. 1935. Stresses and strains of homeostasis. Am. J. Med. Sei., 189: 1-14.
• Castanon N., Mormede P. 1994. Psychobiogenetics: Adapted tools for the study of the coupling between behavioral and neuroendocrine raits of emotional reactivity. Psychoneuroendocri- nology,3: 257-282.
• Christian J.J., Lloyd J.A., Davis D.E. 1965. The role of endocrine in the self-regulation of mammalian populations. In "Recent Progress in Hormone Research" (Ed. G. Pincus). (Academic Press, New York), 21: 501-578.
• Cooper D.O., Stolk J.M. 1979. Differences between inbred rat strains in the alteration of adrenal catecholamine synthesizing enzyme activities after immobilization stress. Neuroscience, 4: 1163-1172.
• Cronin G.M., Wiepkema P.R. 1984. An analysis of stereotyped behaviour in tethered sows. Ann. Rech. Vet., 15: 263-270.
• Cronin G.M. 1985. "The development and significance of abnormal stereotyped behaviours in tethered sows". Ph.D. thesis Agricultural University of Wageningen. Cytowane za Ödbergiem.
• Cronin G.M., van Tartwijk J.M.F.M., van der Hel W., Verstegen M.W.A. 1986 The influence of degree of adaptation to tether-housing by sows in relation to behaviour and energy metabo­lism. Anim. Prod., 42: 257-268.
• Dantzer R., Mormede P. 1981. Can physiological criteria be used to assess welfare in pigs? W: The welfare of pigs. W.Sybesma (Ed). Curr. Topics Vet. Med. Anim. Sci., 11, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, s. 53-73.
• Dantzer R., Mormede P. 1981. Pituitary adrenal consequences of adjunctive activities in pigs. Horm. Behav., 15: 386-395.
• Dantzer R., Mormede P. 1983. Stress in farm animals: a need for reevaluation. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 7-18.
• Dantzer R., Mormede P., Henry J.P. 1983. Physiological assessment of adaptation in farm animals. Farm animal housing and welfare. A seminar in the CEC programme of Coordina­tion of research on animal welfare, Aberdeen, Scotland, July 28-30, 1982) Baxter S.H., Baxter M.R., Mac Cornack J.A.D. (eds.). The Hague, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, s. 8-19.
• Dantzer R., Raab A. 1985. On the interpretation and significance of behavioural and physiologi­cal indicators of stress related to social space in domestic animals. W: Social Space of Domestic Animals (Ed. R. Zayan). (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers), s. 3-14.
• Dantzer R. 1986. Behavioral, physiological and functional aspects of stereotyped behavior: a review and a re-interpretation. J. Anim. Sci., 62: 1776-1786.
• Dämmrich K. 1987. Organ change and damage during stress - morphological diagnosis. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. (Eds. Wiepkema P.R., van Adrichem P.W.M.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht /Boston/ Lancaster, s. 71-81.
• Duncan I.J.H. 1981. Animal rights - animal welfare: A scientists assessment. Poultr. Sci., 60: 489-499.
• Ewbank R. 1969. Social behaviour and intensive animal production. Vet. Rec., 85: 183-186.
• Ewbank R., Meese B.B. 1971. Aggressive behaviour in groups of domesticated pigs on removal and return of individuals. Anim. Prod., 13: 685-693.
• Ewbank R., Bryant M.J. 1972. Aggressive behaviour amongst groups of domesticated pigs kept at various stocking rates. Anim. Behav., 20: 21-28.
• Eskebo I., Jensen P., Lock R. 1979. Svensk Veterinaeching, 31. Cytowane w Eskebo 1.1980. Some environmentally evoked animal welfare problems in modern husbandry. Anim. Regl. Studies, 3: 119-128.
• Fitko R., Kowalski A., Jakubowski K., Brzezińska M. 1982. Zmiany we krwi i narządach u świń w stresie unieruchomienia. Med Wet. 8-9: 446-448.
• Fitko R., Kowalski A., Zieliński H. 1988. Poziom katecholamin i kortyzolu we krwi prosiąt w różnych stanach stresu powodowanego technologią chowu przemysłowego. Medycyna Wet., 7: 416-418.
• Fitko R., Kowalski A., Zieliński H. 1991. Stresogenność wiązanego i kojcowego chowu ciężarnych macior. Medycyna Wet., 11: 517-519.
• Fitko R., Kowalski A., Zieliński H. 1992. Poziom hormonów stresowych u prosiąt w różnej pozycji hierarchicznej w grupach. Medycyna Wet., 2: 66-68.
• Fokkema D.S. 1985. Social behawior and blood pressure: a study in the rat. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Groningen.
• Folkov B. 1982. Physiological aspects of primary hypertention. Physiol. Rev., 62: 347-504.
• Fonnum F. 1966. A radiochemical method for the estimation of choline acetyltransferase. Biochem. J., 100: 479-485.
• Friend Т.Н., Knabe D.A., Tanksley T.D. 1983. Behaviour and performance of pigs grouped by three different methods at weaning. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 1406-1411.
• Gomez R.E., Pirra G., Cannata M.A. 1989. Open field behavior and cardiovascular responses to stress in normal rats. Physiol. Behav., 45: 767-769.
• Gray J.A. 1979. Emotionality in male and female rodents: a replay to Archer. Br. J. Psychol., 70: 425-440.
• Grudniewska B. 1986. Praktyczne znaczenie badań etologicznych w chowie świń. Biuletyn Naukowy ART, Olsztyn, 1: 53-69.
• Guillemin R., Rosenberg B. 1955. Humoral hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary; a study with combined tissue culturs. Endocrynology, 57: 599-607.
• Hafez E.S., Signoret J.P. 1969. The behaviour of swine. W: The behaviour of domestic animals. Ed. E.S.E. Hafez. Bailliere, Tindall and Cassel, London.
• Hall C.S. 1934. Emotional behavior in the rat. 1. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality. J. Comp. Physiol., 18: 385-403.
• Harbuz M.S., Lichtman S.L. 1992. Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation. J. Endocrinology, 134: 327-339.
• Harris G. 1948. Neural control of the pituitary gland. Physiolology Reviews, 28: 139-179.
• Hartsock T.G., Graves H.B. 1976. Neonatal behavior and nutrition related mortality in domestic swine. J. Anim. Sci., 42: 235-241.
• Hemsworth P.H., Barnett J.L., Hansen C. 1986. The influence of handling by humans on the behaviour, reproduction and corticosteroids of male and female pigs. Appl.Anim.Beh.Sci., 4: 303-314.
• Henry J.P. 1976. Mechanisms of psychosomatic disease.in animals. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med., 20: 115-145.
• Henry J.P., Stephens P.M. 1977. Stress, health and the social environment. A sociobiologic approach to medicine. New York, Springer Verlag.
• Henry J.P., Stephens P.M., Ely D.E. 1986. Psychosocial hypertension and the defence defeat reactions. J. Hypertens., 4: 687-697.
• Herbert J. 1987. Neuroendocrine responses to social stress. Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1: 467-490.
• Jakubowski K., Kowalski A., Zieliński H., Roszko E., Fitko R., Brzezińska M. 1986. Ocena poziomu amin katecholowych we krwi świń w stresie manipulacyjnym. Medycyna Wet., 5: 285-286.
• Jakubowski K., Roszko R., Zieliński H., Fitko R., Kowalski A. 1988. Zachowanie się aktywności kinazy kreatynowej we krwi świń w stresie manipulacyjnym. Acta Acad. Agricult. Tech. Olst., Vet. 17: 151-156.
• Jensen P. 1982. An analysis of agonistic interactions patterns in group-housed dry sows-aggression regulation through an "avoidance order". Appl. Anim. Ethol., 9: 47-61.
• Klein F., Lemaire V., Sandi C., Vitiello S., Van der Logt J., Laurent P.E., Neveau P., Le Moal M., Mormede P. 1992. Prolonged increase of corticoterone secretion by chronic social stress does not necessarily impair immune functions. Life Sci., 50: 723-731.
• Koolhaas J.M., Schuurman Т., Fokkema D.S. 1983. Social behavior of rats as a model for the psychophysiology of hypertension. In "Biobehavioral Bases of Coronary Heart Desease". (Eds. T.M. Dembroski, T.H.Schmidt and G. Blümchen). Vol 2. (Karger, Basel), s. 391-400.
• Kowalski A., Fitko R., Zieliński H. 1988. Próby bezstresowego pobierania krwi u prosiąt. Medycyna Wet., 5: 313-315.
• Kowalski A., Fitko R., Roszko E. 1993. Zmiany adaptacyjne u świń podczas długotrwałego wysiłku fizycznego. Acta Acad. Agricult. Tech. Olst., Vet., 21: 255-266.
• Kvetnansky R., Mikulaj L. 1970.Adrenal and urinary catecholamines in rats during adaptation to repeated immobilization stress. Endocrinology, 87: 738-743.
• Kvetnansky R., Weise V.K., Kopin I.J. 1970. Elevation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase nad phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase by repeated immobilisation of rats. Endocrinolo­gy, 87: 744-749.
• Ladewig J., Schlichting M.C., Beneke В., von Borell E. 1985. Physiological aspects of social space in heifers and pigs. W: Social Space of Domestic Animals. Ed. R. Zayan (Martinus Nijhof Publishers), s. 151-159.
• Ladewig J. 1987. Endocrine aspects of stress: evaluation of stress reactions in farm animals. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. (Eds. Wiepkema P.R., van Adrichem P.W.M.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht /Boston/ Lancaster, s. 13-25.
• Lemaire V., Le Moal M., Mormede P. 1993. Regulation of catecholamine - synthesing enzymes in adrenals of Wistar rats under chronic stress. Am. J. Physiol., 264 (w druku).
• Leshner A.I. 1978. An introduction to behawioral endocrinology. Oxford University Press, New York, cytowane za R. Dantzerem i P. Mormede.
• Leshner A.I. 1981. The role of hormones in the control of submissiveness. W: A multidisciplinary approach to aggression research. (Ed. P.F.Brain and D.Benton). Amsterdam, Elsevier, s. 75-104.
• Lindemann M.D., Kornegay E.T, Meldrum J.B, Schurig G., Gwazdauskas F.C. 1987. The effect of feeder space allowance on weaned pid performance. J. Anim. Sci., 1: 8-14.
• Lowry O.H., Rosebrough A.L., Farr A.L., Randall R. 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 265-275.
• Lyon M., Robbins T. 1975. The action the central nervous system stimulant drugs: A general theory concerning amphetamine effects. In W.Essman and L.Valzelli (ed) Current develop­ments in psychopharmacology. Spectrum, New York, 2: 81-163.
• Mason J.W. 1971. A re-evaluation of the concept of "non-specifity" in stress theory. J. Psychiat. Res., 8: 323-333.
• Mc Ewen B.S., Weiss J., Schwartz L. 1968. Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature, 220: 911-912.
• Messe G.E., Ewbank R. 1973. The establishment and nature of the dominance hierarchy in the domesticated pig. Anim.Behav., 21: 326-334.
• Mormede P., Dantzer R., Bluthe R.M., Caritez J.C. 1984. Differences in adaptative abilities of three breeds of Chinese pigs. Behavioural and neuroendocrine studies. Genetique, Selection, Evolution, 1: 85-102.
• Mormede P. 1988. Le reponses neuroendocriniennes de stress. Rec. Med. Vet., 164: 723-741.
• Mormede P., Lemaire V., Castanon N., Dulluc J., Laval М., Le Moal M. 1990. Multiple neuroendocrine responses to chronic social stress: interaction between individual characteri­stics and situational factors. Physiol. Behav., 47: 1099-1105.
• Mormede P., Garcia-Belenguer S., Dulluc J. Oliver C. 1994. Independent segregation of an hyperactive hypothalamic-hypophyso-adrenal axis and a reduced behavioural reactivity in pigs. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3: 305-311.
• Murphy B. 1967. Some studies of the protein-binding of steroids and their application to the routine and ultramicro measurements of various steroids in body fluids by competitive protein-binding radioassay. J. Clin. End., 27: 993-990.
• Niswender G.D., Chen C.L., Midgley A.R., Meites J., Ellis S. 1969. Radioimmunoassay for rat prolactin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 130: 793-801.
• Оktabа W. 1976. Elementy statystyki matematycznej i metody doświadczalnictwa. PWN, Warszawa.
• Okuno S., Fujisawa H. 1983. Assay of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase using the coupled non- enzymatic decarboxylation of DOPA. Biochemistry, 129: 405-411.
• Oliverio A. 1987. Endocrine aspects of stress: central and peripheral mechanisms. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach.Wiepkema P.R., Van Adrichem P.W.M. (eds.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht, Holandia, s. 3-12.
• Ödberg F.O. 1987. Behavioural responses to stress. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. Wiepkema P.R., Van Adrichem P.W.M.(eds.), Martinus Nijhoff Publi­shers, Dodrecht, Holand, s. 135-150.
• Petherick J.C. 1983. A biological basis for the design of space in livestock housing. W: Farm Animal Housing and Welfare. Eds. Baxter, Baxter, Mac Cormaćk, 103-120. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. The Hague/Boston.
• Raab A., Oswald R. 1980. Coping with social conflict : Impact on the tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the lymbic system and in the adrenals. Physiol. Behav., 24: 387-394.
• Rampacek G.B., Kraeling R.R., Fonda E.S., Barb C.R. 1984. Comparison of physiological indicators of chronic stress in confined and nonconfmed gilts. J. Anim. Sci., 58: 401-408.
• Rasmussen O.G., Banks E.M., Berry T.H, Becker D.E. 1962. Social dominance in gilts. J. Anim. Sci., 21: 520-522.
• Richards S.M. 1974. The concept of dominance and methods of assessment. Anim. Behav., 22: 914-930.
• Rivier С., Rivest S. 1991. Review. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms. Biology of Reproduction, 45: 523-532.
• Rowell Т.Е. 1974. The concept of social dominance. Behavioural Biology, 11: 131-154.
• Selye H. 1936. A syndrom produced by diverse noxious agents. Nature, 138: 32-33.
• Selye H. 1950. Physiology and pathology of exposure to stress. Acta Inc. Medical Publishers. Montreal, Canada.
• Sharman D.F. 1983. Neurochemistry of abnormal behaviour in farm animals. W: Indicators relevant to farm animals welfare. (Ed. D.Smith). Current topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. The Haque, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, 23: 61-65.
• Smidt D. 1981. The welfare of pigs. W: Sybesma (Ed). Curr.Topics Vet. Med. Anim. Sci., 11, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, General discussion, s. 132.
• Stenberg E.M., Wilder R.L. 1989. The role of hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis in an experimental model of arthritis. Prog. Neuroendocrinol. Immunol., 2: 102-108.
• Stenberg E.M., Hill J.M., Chrousos G.P., Kamilaris Т., Listwak S.J., Gold P.W., Wilder R.L. 1989a. Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible in Lewis rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 86: 2374-2378.
• Stenberg E.M., Young W.S., Bernardini R., Calogero A.E., Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W., Wilder R.L. 1989h A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 86: 4771-4775.
• Stenberg E.M., Głowa J.R., Smith M.A., Calagero A.E., Listwak S.J., Aksentijevich S., Chrou­sos G.P., Wilder R.L., Gold P.W. 1992. Corticotropin releasing hormone related behavioral and neroendocrine responses to stress in Lewis and Fischer rats. Brain Res., 570: 54-60.
• Stone Е.А., Freedman L.S., Morgano L.E. 1978. Brain and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity after chronic footshock stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 9: 551-553.
• Suzuki T. 1983. Physiology of adrenocortical secrection. Frontiers of Hormone Research., 11: 5-12. (ed. Kager, Basel).
• Syme G.I., Syme L.A. 1979. Social structure in farm animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Szekely S., Orban E., Kurucz I., Sorvary J. 1982. Tube dominance in piglets. Structure and stability of the dominance order. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 9: 279-288.
• Stuhec I. 1984. Etoloske in etoloskofizioloske raziskave obrementive mladih svinj v razlicnih sistemih reje. Arhiv. za Poljoprivredne Nauke, 45, 159: 293-316 (streszczenie).
• Štuhec I., Schlichting M., Smidt D. 1984. Ethologische und biochemische Parameter als Indikator für einen Vergleich von Haltungssystemen für Jungsauen. W: AktuelleArbeiten zur artgemaßen Tierhaltung, KTBL-Schrift, 229: 46-64.
• Taureg S., Krieter J., Ernst E. 1991. Untersuchungen zur Einzel-Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Leistung, Konstitution und Verhalten. Zuch­tungskunde, 63: 478-485.
• Taylor G.T., Weiss J,. Rupich R. 1987. Male rat behaviour, endocrinology and reproductive physiology in a mixed-sex, socially stressful colony. Physiol. Behav., 39: 429-433.
• Thoenen H. 1970. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral and central adrenergic neurones by cold-exposure of rats. Nature Lond., 228: 861-862.
• Troeger K., Woltersdorf W. 1988. Die messung der Stressbelastung des Schweines wahrend der Schlachtung. Fleischwirtschaft, 3: 249-254.
• Vantrimponte M.N. 1984. Contribution a banalyse du fonctionnement dugroupe chez le porc domestique en fonction de la restriction de l espace. DEA Universite de Rennes I.
• Warburton D.M. 1987. The neuropsychobiology of stress response control. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. (Eds. Wiepkema P.R., van Adrichem P.W.M.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht /Boston / Lancaster, s. 87-100.
• Wiepkema P.R. 1987. Behavioural aspects of stress. W: Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. Wiepkema P.R., Van Adrichem P.W.M. (eds.), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dodrecht, Holandia, s. 113-133.
• Wurtman R.J., Axelrod J. 1966. Control of enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla by adrenal cortical steroids. J. Biol. Chem., 241: 2301-2305.