PL
W badaniach określano negatywne oddziaływanie nadmiarów miedzi, cynku, ołowiu i kadmu w uprawie pszenicy jarej na glebach z terenu emisji KGHM oraz skuteczność przeciwdziałania poprzez wprowadzanie do gleb torfu i zwiększonych dawek superfosfatu. W obiektach porównaw¬czych doświadczenia stosowano odpowiedniki tych gleb (gleby spoza terenu emisji) - niezanie- czyszczone oraz zanieczyszczone symulacyjnie. Fitotoksyczność metali w glebach zanieczyszczonych symulacyjnie, przy braku remediacji, zmniejszyła plonowanie ziarna pszenicy w zakresie 26-29%, podczas gdy na glebach zanieczysz¬czonych emisją KGHM utrata plonów wahała się w zakresie 12-17%, w stosunku do gleb natural¬nych. Spadkom plonów towarzyszyły podwyższone zawartości metali w tkankach roślin. W sto¬sunku do wartości krytycznych (wg IUNG-PIB) najczęściej występujące przekroczenia w ziarnie pszenicy dotyczyły Cu, Zn i Pb na glebach zanieczyszczonych symulacyjnie. Spośród trzech gleb z terenu KGHM ponadnormatywne zawartości Zn i Cd w ziarnie stwierdzano tylko na glebie lekkiej. W plonowaniu ziarna pszenicy jarej najlepsze efekty remediacji uzyskano w obiektach z łącznym stosowaniem torfu i zwiększonych dawek superfosfatu. Tym sposobem, na glebach zanieczyszczonych symulacyjnie, możliwe było uzyskiwanie plonów ziarna do poziomu 91%, a na glebach z obszaru emisji KGHM do 96% plonów z gleb naturalnych (100%).
EN
The most common measure undertaken in order to restrain the phytoavailability of excessive amounts of trace metals in soils exposed to industrial emissions is soil liming. However, the metals immobilized in soil by liming can still pose a threat to plants. Some of the factors that can mobilize such metals are changes in the soil chemical properties, e.g. in soil reaction, oxygen conditions (redox potential), as well as changes in the content and type of organic substance characterized by a varied capability of complexing heavy metals, or changes in the soil tillage, meteorological conditions, etc. In the present study, negative effect of excessive amounts of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium has been evaluated in cultivation of spring wheat on soils exposed to emissions from the company KGHM, a copper smelter. Another aspect of the investigations has been to assess the effectiveness of counteractive measures, such as introduction of peat to soil and increased rates of superphos¬phate. For comparison, samples of analogous types of soil (outside the area affected by the emis¬sions), unpolluted and simulation polluted, were tested. The phytotoxicity of metals in simulation polluted soils, in the absence of soil remediation, decreased the wheat grain yield by 26-29%, while on soil polluted with emissions from KGHM, the loss of grain yield was 12-17% compared to natural soils. Yield losses were accompanied by raised levels of the metals in plant tissues. Relative to the critical values (acc. to IUNG-PIB), most frequent excessive quantities of metals in wheat grain were determined for Cu, Zn and Pb on soils under simulation pollution. Among the three soils sampled from the area affected by KGHM, excessive amounts of Zn and Cu in grain were found only on light soil. Better remediation ef¬fects concerning wheat grain yields were obtained in treatments where peat and higher rates of superphosphate were applied in conjunction. Under such conditions, it was possible to obtain grain yield up to 91% on simulation polluted soils, and 96% on soils polluted by emissions from KGHM compared to natural soils (100%).