Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Clypeasteroid echinoids are widespread and abundant within Miocene sedimentary sequences of the Mediterranean area within both siliciclastic and carbonate deposits. Herein, three clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages from the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession of the Mores Formation (lower Miocene) cropping out within the Porto Torres Basin (northern Sardinia) are described. These assemblages were compared to previously described clypeasteroid-bearing deposits from the Miocene of northern Sardinia with the purpose of investigating their palaeoecology and taphonomy along a shelf gradient. These goals are accomplished by various methods including (i) logging sedimentary facies, (ii) analysing the functional morphology of sea urchin skeletons, (iii) comparing the relative abundance of taxa and taphonomic features, and (iv) studying associated fauna, flora, and trace fossils. The clypeasteroid-bearing deposits differ greatly with respect to echinoid diversity, accompanying fauna and flora, sedimentological signatures, and taphonomic features. They also show variations in depositional environments and the mechanism of formation of the deposits. Three different shelf settings are distinguished: littoral, inner sublittoral, and outer sublittoral environments. Furthermore, an ecomorphological gradient along the shelf is recognized with respect to echinoid taxa and their morphologies. This gradient ranges from shallow water to a moderately deep shelf and is interpreted with respect to both abiotic and biotic factors as well as the taphonomy of the echinoid tests.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 62
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.627-646,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

Bibliografia

• Allison, P.A. 1990. Variation in rates of decay and disarticulation of Echinodermata: implications for the application of actualistic data. Palaios 5: 432–440.
• Ausich, W.I. 2001. Echinoderm taphonomy. In: M. Jangoux and J.M. Lawrence (eds.), Echinoderm Studies 6, 171–227. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Banno, T. 2008. Ecological and taphonomic significance of spatangoid spines: relationship between mode of occurrence and water temperature. Paleontological Research 12: 145–157.
• Barras, C.G. 2008. Morphological innovation associated with the expansion of atelostomate irregular echinoids into fine-grained sediments during the Jurassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 263: 44–77.
• Baumiller, T.K., Salamon, M.A., Gorzelak, P., Mooi, R., Messing, C.G., and Gahn, F.J. 2010. Post-Paleozoic crinoid radiation in response to benthic predation preceded the Mesozoic marine revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107: 5893–5896.
• Belaústegui, Z., de Gibert, J.M., Nebelsick, J.H., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. 2013. Clypeasteroid tests as a benthic island for gastrochaenid bivalve colonization: evidence from the Middle Miocene of Tarrragona (NE Spain). Palaeontology 56: 783–796.
• Belaústegui, Z., Muñiz, F., Nebelsick, J.H., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. 2017. Echinoderm ichnology: bioturbation, bioerosion and related processes. Journal of Paleontology [published online].
• Belaústegui, Z., Nebelsick, J.H., De Gibert, J.M., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. 2012. A taphonomic approach to the genetic interpretation of clypeasteroid accumulations from Tarragona (Miocene, NE Spain). Lethaia 45: 548–565.
• Bell, M. and Frey, R.W. 1969. Observations on ecology and the feeding and burrowing mechanism of Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske). Journal of Paleontology 43: 553–560.
• Benisek, M.F., Betzler, C., Marcano, G., and Mutti, M. 2009. Coralline-algal assemblages of a Burdigalian platform slope: implications for carbonate platform reconstruction (northern Sardinia, western Mediterranean Sea). Facies 55: 375–386.
• Bentley, A.C. and Cockcroft, A.C. 1995. Sublittoral sand dollar (Echinodiscus bisperforatus) communities in two bays on the South African coast. South African Journal of Zoology 30: 5–18.
• Blow, W.H. 1969. Late Middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminferal biostratigraphy. In: P. Brönnimann and H.H. Renz (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils, 199–422. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
• Borszcz, T. 2012. Echinoids as substrates for encrustation—review and quantitative analysis. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 82: 139–149.
• Bossio, A., Dall’ Antonia, B., Da Prato, S., Foresi, L.M., and Oggiano, G. 2006. Preliminary stratigraphical investigations of the Miocene successions of the Porto Torres Basin (northern Sardinia, Italy). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie A 111: 67–74.
• Brett, C.E., Moffat, H.A., and Taylor, W.L. 1997. Echinoderm taphonomy, taphofacies, and Lagerstätten. In: J.A. Waters and C.G. Maples (eds.), Geobiology of Echinoderms. Paleontological Society Papers 3: 147–190.
• Brustolin, M.C., Thomas, M.C., Mafra, L.L. Jr., and Lana, P.C. 2014. Does Encope emarginata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) affect spatial variation patterns of estuarine subtidal meiofauna and microphytobenthos? Journal of Sea Research 91: 70–78.
• Brustolin, M.C., Thomas, M.C., Mafra, L.L. Jr., and Lana, P.C. 2016. Bioturbation by the sand dollar Encope emarginata (Echinoidea, Mellitidae) changes the composition and size structure of microphytobenthic assemblages. Hydrobiologia 779: 183–192.
• Cabanillas-Terán, N., Loor-Andrade, P., Rodríguez-Barreras, R., and Cortés, J. 2016. Trophic ecology of sea urchins in coral-rocky reef systems, Ecuador. PeerJ 4: e1578.
• Casoli, E., Ricci, S., Antonelli, F., Sacco Perasso, C., Belluscio, A., and Ardizzone, G. 2016. Impact and colonization dynamics of the bivalve Rocellaria dubia on limestone experimental panels in the submerged Roman city of Baiae (Naples, Italy). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 108: 9–15.
• Casula, A., Cherchi, A., Montadert, L., Murru, M., and Sarria, E. 2001. The Cenozoic Graben System of Sardinia (Italy): geodynamic evolution from new seismic and field data. Marine and Petroleum Geology 18: 863–888.
• Ceranka, T. and Złotnik, M. 2003. Traces of cassid snails predation upon the echinoids from the Middle Miocene of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 491–496.
• Challener, R.C., Miller, M.F., Furbish, D.J., and McClintock, J. 2009. Evaluation of sand grain crushing in the sand dollar Mellita tenuis (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Aquatic Biology 7: 261–268.
• Challis, G.R. 1980. Palaeoecology and Taxonomy of Mid-Tertiary Maltese Echinoids. 401 pp. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, London.
• Chao, S.M. 2000. The irregular sea urchins (Echinodemata: Echinoidea) from Taiwan, with descriptions of six new records. Zoological Studies 39: 250–285.
• Cherchi, A. and Montandert, L. 1982. Il sistema di rifting oligo-miocenico del Mediterraneo occidentale e sue conseguenze paleogeografiche sul Terziario sardo. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 24: 387–400.
• Chesher, R.H. 1969. Contributions to the biology of Meoma ventricosa (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Bulletin of Marine Science 19: 72–110.
• Chia, F.S. 1969. Some observations on the locomotion and feeding of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 3: 162–170.
• Comaschi Caria, I. 1972. Gli echinidi del Miocene della Sardegna. 95 pp. Stabilimento Tipografico Editoriale Fossataro, Cagliari.
• Como, S., Magni, P., Baroli, M., Casu, D., De Falco, G., and Floris, A. 2008. Comparative analysis of macrofaunal species richness and composition in Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and leaf litter beds. Marine Biology 153: 1087–1101.
• Creed, E.L. and Coull, B.C. 1984. Sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperfortata (Leske), and sea pansy, Renilla reniformis (Cuvier) effects on meiofaunal abundance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 84: 225–234.
• De Ridder, C. and Lawrence, J.M. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms: Echinoidea. In: M. Jangoux and J.M. Lawrence (eds.), Echinoderm Nutrition, 499–519. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Donovan, S.K. 1991. The taphonomy of echinoderms: calcareous multi-element skeletons in the marine environment. In: S.K. Donovan (ed.), The Processes of Fossilisation, 241–269. Belhaven Press, London.
• Donovan, S.K. 2003. Completeness of a fossil record: the Pleistocene echinoids of the Antilles. Lethaia 36: 1–7.
• Donovan, S.K. and Veale, C. 1996. The irregular echinoids Echinoneus Leske and Brissus Gray in the Cenozoic of the Antillean Region. Journal of Paleontology 70: 632–640.
• Dynowski, J. 2012. Echinoderm remains in shallow-water carbonates at Fernandez Bay, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Palaios 27: 181–189.
• Ebert, T.A. and Dexter, D.M. 1975. A natural history study of Encope grandis and Mellita grantii, two sand dollars in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Marine Biology 32: 397–407.
• Ellers, O. and Telford, M. 1991. Forces generated by the jaws of Clypeasteroids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Experimental Biology 155: 585–603.
• Ellers, O. and Telford, M. 1984. Collection of food by oral surface podia in the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). Biological Bulletin 166: 574–582.
• Endean, R. and Pope, E.C. 1964. Rediscovery of the echinoid Clypeaster tumidus (Tenison-Woods) and an emended description. Records of the Australian Museum 26: 275–281.
• Facenna, C., Speranza, F., D’Ajello Caracciolo, F., Mattei, M., and Oggiano, G. 2002. Extensional tectonics on Sardinia (Italy): insights into the arc-back-arc transitional regime. Tectonophysics 356: 213–232.
• Findlay, R.H. and White, D.C. 1983. The effects of feeding by the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) on the benthic microbial community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 72: 25–41.
• Fodrie, J.F., Herzka, S.Z., Lucas, A.J., and Francisco, V. 2007. Intraspecific density regulates positioning and feeding mode selection of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340: 169–183.
• Fontaine, A. 1953. The shallow water echinoderms of Jamaica. Part III. The sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). Natural History Society of Jamaica, Natural History Notes 61: 3–9.
• Francolini, L. 1994. Sull’età di un ciclo miocenico dell’area di Sorso e Sennori, a Nord di Sassari (Sardegna Settentrionale). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie A 101: 137–144.
• Funedda, A., Oggiano, G., and Pasci, S. 2000. The Logudoro basin: a key area for the tertiary tectono-sedimentary evolution of North Sardinia. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 119: 31–38.
• Funedda, A., Oggiano, G., and Pascucci, V. 2003. I depositi Miocenici della Sardegna settrentionale: il bacino Logudoro. In: V. Pascucci (ed.), Atti del Convegno GEOSED 2003, 381–414. Editoria e Stampa, Sassari.
• Ghiold, J. 1984. Adaptive shifts in clypeasteroid evolution—feeding strategies in the soft-bottom realm. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 169: 41–73.
• Ghiold, J. 1989. Species distributions of irregular echinoids. Biological Oceanography 6: 79–162.
• Ghiold, J. and Hoffman, A. 1984. Clypeasteroid echinoids and historical biogeography. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 9: 529–538.
• Ghiold, J. and Hoffman, A. 1986. Biogeography and biogeographic history of clypeasteroid echinoids. Journal of Biogeography 13: 183–206.
• Gladfelter, W.B. 1978. General ecology of the echinolampadoid urchin Cassidulus caribbearum. Marine Biology 47: 149–160.
• Glynn, P.W., Wellington, G.M., and Birkeland, C. 1979. Coral reef growth in the Galapagos: Limitation by sea urchins. Science 203: 47–49.
• Gordon, C.M. and Donovan, S.K. 1992. Disarticulated echinoid ossicles in paleoecology and taphonomy: The last interglacial Falmouth Formation of Jamaica. Palaios 7: 157–166.
• Greenstein, B.J. 1991. An integrated study of echinoid taphonomy: Predictions for the fossil record of four echinoid Families. Palaios 6: 519–540.
• Greenstein, B.J. 1992. Taphonomic bias and evolutionary history of the family Cidaridae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Paleobiology 18: 50–79.
• Greenstein, B.J. 1993a. Is the fossil record of regular echinoids so poor? A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios 8: 587–601.
• Greenstein, B.J. 1993b. The effect of life habit on the preservation potential of echinoids. In: B.N. White (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the Geology of The Bahamas, 55–74. Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador.
• Greenstein, B.J. 1995. The effects of life habit and test microstructure on the preservation potential of echinoids in Graham’s Harbour, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 300: 177–188.
• Grubelic, I. 1998. Presence of the species Genocidaris maculata Agassiz, 1869, Echinoidea, Echinodermata in the Adriatic Sea. Periodicum Biologorum 100: 39–42.
• Grun, T. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2016. Taphonomy of a clypeasteroid echinoid using a new quasimetric approach. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61: 689–699.
• Grun, T., Kroh, A., and Nebelsick, J.H. 2017. Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and nonphosphatized assemblages of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus stellatus from Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Formation, Malta). Journal of Paleontology [published online].
• Grun, T., Sievers, D., and Nebelsick, J.H. 2014. Drilling predation on the clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus from the Mediterranean Sea (Giglio, Italy). Historical Biology 26: 745–757.
• Guilherme, P.D.B., Brustolin, M.C., and De L. Bueno, M. 2015. Distribution patterns of ectosymbiont crabs and their sand dollar hosts in a subtropical estuarine sandflat. Revista de Biologiá Tropical 63: 209–220.
• Hendler, G., Miller, J.E., Pawson, D.L., and Kier, P.M. 1995. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean, 390 pp. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
• Hernández, J.C., Clemente, S., Tuya, F., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Sangil, C., Moro-Abad, L., and Bacallado-Aránega, J.J. 2013. Echinoderms of the Canary Islands, Spain. In: J.J. Alvarado and F.A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, 471–510. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Higgins, R.C. 1974. Observations on the biology of Apatopygus recens (Echinoidea: Echinolampadoida) around New Zealand. Journal of Zoology 173: 505–516.
• Hilber, S.E. and Lawrence, J.M. 2009. Analysis of sediment and gut contents of the sand dollar Mellita tenuis, Encope michelini, and Encope aberrans off the Central Florida Gulf Coast. Gulf of Mexico Science 27: 74–81.
• Hopkins, T.S. 1988. A review of the distribution and proposed morphological groupings of extant species of the genus Clypeaster in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. In: R.D. Burke, P.V. Mladenov, P. Lambert, and R.L. Parseley (eds.), Echinoderm Biology: Proceedings of the 6th International Echinoderm Conference, 337–345. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Imbesi Smedile, M. 1958. Clypeasteri aquitaniani, elveziani e tortoniani della Calabria. Palaeontographia Italica 53: 1–47.
• James, D.B. and Pearse, J.S. 1969. Echinoderms from the Gulf of Suez and the Northern Red Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 11: 78–12.
• Kampfer, S. and Ott, J. 1995. Nutrition and feeding preferences in the Caribbean echinoid Clypeaster rosaceus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). In: A. Eleftherion, A.D. Ansell and C.J. Smith (eds.), Biology and Ecology of Shallow Coastal Waters. Proceedings of the 28th European Marine Biology Symposium, 309–313. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg.
• Kidwell, S.M. and Baumiller, T. 1990. Experimental disintegration of regular echinoids: roles of temperature, oxygen and decay thresholds. Paleobiology 16: 247–271.
• Kidwell, S.M. and Holland, S.M. 1991. Field description of coarse bioclastic fabric. Palaios 6: 426–434.
• Kier, P.M. 1975. The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology 206: 1–45.
• Kier, P.M. 1977. The poor fossil record of the regular echinoid. Palaeobiology 3: 168–174.
• Kier, P.M. 1982. Rapid evolution in echinoids. Palaeontology 25: 1–9.
• Kier, P.M. and Grant, R.E. 1965. Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 149: 1–68.
• Koukouras, A., Sinis, A.I., Bobori, D., Savas, K., and Miltiadis-Spyridon, K. 2007. The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research 7: 67–92.
• Kroh, A. 2004. Echinoneus & Echinometra—two new records of tropical echinoids from the Miocene of Austria and their palaeoclima tic implications. Berichte des Institutes für Erdwissenschaften der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 9: 229–230.
• Kroh, A. 2005. Catalogus Fossilium Austriae. Band 2. Echinoidea Neogenica. 210 pp. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien.
• Kroh, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2003. Echinoid assemblages as a tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction—an example from the Early Miocene of Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 201: 157–177.
• Kroh, A. and Smith, A.B. 2010. The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 147–212.
• Lane, J.E.M. and Lawrence, J.M. 1980. Seasonal variation in body growth, density and distribution of a population of sand dollars, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske). Bulletin of Marine Science 30: 871–882.
• Lane, D.J.W., Marsh, L.M., VandenSpiegel, D., and Rowe, F.W.E. 2000. Echinoderm fauna of the South China Sea: an inventory and analysis of distribution patterns. The Raffles Bullettin of Zoology (Supplement) 8: 459–493.
• Lawrence, J.M., Herrera, J., and Cobb, J. 2004. Vertical posture of the clypeasteroid sand dollar Encope michelini. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84: 407–406.
• Lecca, L., Lonis, R., Luxoro, S., Melis, F., Secchi, F., and Brotzu, P. 1997. Oligo-Miocene volcanic sequences and rifting stages in Sardinia: a review. Periodico di Mineralogia 66: 7–61.
• Lessios, H.A., Kessing, B.D., Robertson, D.R., and Paulay, G. 1999. Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Eucidaris in relation to land barriers and ocean currents. Evolution 53: 806–817.
• Lewis, R.D. 1980. Taphonomy. In: T.W. Broadhead and J.A. Waters (eds.), Echinoderms, notes for a short course. University of Tennessee Studies in Geology 3: 27–39.
• Li, B., Keesing, J.K., Lourey, M., and McLaughlin, J. 2013. Feeding and bioturbation effects of the sand dollar Peronella lesueuri (L. Agassiz, 1841) (Echinodermata) on microphytobenthos and sediment fluxes. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 46: 431–446.
• Liao, Y.L. 1978. The echinoderms of Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province, China. 3. Echinoidea. Studia Marina Sinica 12: 102–127.
• Lindsay, W.J. Jr. 1996. Changing abundances of Cassis tuberosa and its echinoid prey on San Salvador, 1973–1995. Proceedings of the 6th Sym posium on the Natural History of the Bahamas: 121–125.
• Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2013. Multiple routes to mass accumulations of clypeasteroid echinoids: A comparative analysis of Miocene echinoid beds of Sardinia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 374: 173–186.
• Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2015. The origin and paleoecology of clypeasteroid assemblages from different shelf setting of the Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Palaios 30: 273–387.
• Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2016. Echinoid assemblages from the early Miocene of Funtanazza (Sardinia): A tool for reconstructing depositional environments along a shelf gradient. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 454: 139–160.
• Mancosu, A. and Nebelsick, J.H. 2017. Palaeoecology and taphonomy of spatangoid-dominated echinoid assemblages: A case study from the Early–Middle Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 466: 334–352.
• Mancosu, A., Nebelsick, J.H., Kroh, A., and Pillola, G.L. 2015. The origin of echinoid shell beds in siliciclastic shelf environments: three examples from the Miocene of Sardinia, Italy. Lethaia 48: 83–99.
• Martini, E. 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In: A. Farinacci (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Planktonic Conference, 739–785. Tecnoscienza, Roma.
• Martini P., Oggiano G., and Mazzei R. 1992. Siliciclastic-carbonate sequences of Miocene grabens in northern Sardinia, Western Mediterranean Sea. Sedimentary Geology 76: 63–78.
• Mazzei, R. and Oggiano, G. 1990. Messa in evidenza di due cicli sedimentari nel Miocene dell’area di Florinas (Sardegna Settentrionale). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A 97: 119–147.
• McNamara, K. 1987. Plate translocation in spatangoid echinoids: its morphological, functional and phylogenetic significance. Paleobiology 13: 312–325.
• McNamara, K.J. and Philip, G.M. 1980. Tertiary species of Echinolampas (Echinoidea) from southern Australia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 41: 1–14.
• McPherson, B.F. 1968. Contributions to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science 18: 400–403.
• Merril, R.J. and Hobson, E.S. 1970. Field observations of Dendraster excentricus, a sand dollar of western North America. American Midland Naturalist 83: 595–624.
• Mihaljević, M., Jerjen, I., and Smith, A.B. 2011. The test architecture of Clypeaster (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida) and its phylogenetic significance. Zootaxa 2983: 21–38.
• Moffat, H.A. and Bottjer D.J. 1999. Echinoid concentration beds: two examples from the stratigraphic spectrum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149: 329–348.
• Mooi, R. 1989. Living and fossil genera of the Clypeasteroida (Echinoidea: Echinodermata): an illustrated key and annotated checklist. Smith sonian Contributions to Zoology 488: 1–51.
• Mooi, R. 1990a. A new “living fossil” echinoid (Echinodermata) and the ecology and paleobiology of Caribbean Echinolampadoids. Bulletin of Marine Science 46: 688–700.
• Mooi, R. 1990b. Living cassiduloids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a key and annotated list. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 63–85.
• Mooi, R. 1997. Sand dollars of the genus Dendraster (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida): phylogenetic systematics, heterochrony, and distribution of species. Bulletin of Marine Science 61: 343–375.
• Moore, D.R. 1956. Observations of predation on echinoderms by three species of cassididae. Nautilus 69: 73–76.
• Morin, J.G., Kastendiek, J.E., Harrington, A., and Davis, N. 1985. Organization and patterns of interactions in a subtidal sand community on an exposed coast. Marine Ecology 27: 163–185.
• Mortensen, T. 1928. A Monograph of the Echinoidea, I. Cidaroidea, 551 pp. C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
• Mortensen, T. 1943. A Monograph of the Echinoidea, III, 2. Camaradonta. I. Orthopsidae, Glyphocyphidae, Temnopleuridae, and Toxopneustidae. 553 pp. C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
• Mortensen, T. 1948a. A Monograph of the Echinoidea, IV, 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. 371 pp. C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
• Mortensen, T. 1948b. A Monograph of the Echinoidea, IV, 2. Clypeasteroida. Clypeasteridæ, Arachnoidæ, Fibulariidæ, Laganidæ and Scutellidæ. 471 pp. C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
• Müller, A. H. 1951. Grundlagen der Biostratonomie. Abhandlungen der deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaft Berlin 3: 1–147.
• Murru, M., Bassi, D., and Simone, L. 2015. Displaced/re-worked rhodolith deposits infilling part of a complex Miocene multistorey submarine channel: A case history from Sassari area (Sardinia, Italy). Sedimentary Geology 326: 94–108.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 1992a. Echinoid distribution by fragment identification in the Northern Bay of Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt. Palaios 7: 316–328.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 1992b. The Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt): An actuopalaeontological approach. III Distribution of echinoids. Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich 17: 5–79.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 1995. Uses and limitations of actuopalaeontological investigations on echinoids. Geobios 18 : 329–336.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 1996. Biodiversity of shallow-water Red Sea echinoids: implications for the fossil record. Journal of the Marine Biological Association United Kingdom 76: 185–194.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 1999. Taphonomic comparison between recent and fossil sand dollars. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149: 349–358.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 2004. Taphonomy of Echinoderms: introduction and outlook. In: Th. Heinzeller, and J.H. Nebelsick (eds.), Echinoderms München. Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Meeting, 471–478. Taylor & Francis, Rotterdam.
• Nebelsick, J.H. 2008. Taphonomy of irregular echinoid Clypeaster humilis from the Red Sea: implications for taxonomic resolution along taphonomic grades. In: W.I. Ausich and G.D. Webster (eds.), Echinoderm Paleobiology, 115–128. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
• Nebelsick, J.H. and Kampfer, S. 1994. Taphonomy of Clypeaster humilis and Echinodiscus auritus from the Red Sea. In: B. David, A. Guille, J.P. Féral, and M. Roux (eds.), Echinoderms Through Time, 803–808. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Nebelsick, J.H. and Kowalewski, M. 1999. Drilling predation on recent clypeasteroid echinoids from the Red Sea. Palaios 14: 127–144.
• Nebelsick, J.H. and Kroh, A. 2002. The stormy path from life to death assemblages: The formation and preservation of mass accumulation of fossil sand dollars. Palaios 17: 378–393.
• Nebelsick, J.H., Schmid, B., and Stachowitsch, M. 1997. The encrustation of fossil and recent sea-urchins tests: ecological and taphonomical significance. Lethaia 30: 271–284.
• Néraudeau, D., Goubert, E., Lacour, J.M., and Rouchy, J.M. 2001. Changing biodiversity of Mediterranean irregular echinoids from the Messinian to present-day. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175: 43–60.
• Pérès, J.M. and Picard, J. 1964. Nouveau manuel de Bionomie Bentique de la Mer Méditerranèe. Recueil des travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume 31: 5–137.
• Phelan, T. 1970. A field guide to the cidaroid echinoids of the Northweastern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 40: 1–67.
• Poddubiuk, R.H. 1985. Evolution and adaptation in some Caribbean OligoMiocene Clypeaster. In: B.F. Keegan and B.D.S O’Connor (eds.), Proceedings of 5th International Echinoderm Conference, 75–80. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Pomory, C.M., Robbins, B.D., and Lares, M.T. 1995. Sediment grain size preference by the sand dollar Mellita Tenuis Clark, 1940 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): A laboratory study. Bulletin of Marine Science 56: 778–783.
• Rahman, I.A., Belaústegui, Z., Zamora, S., Nebelsick, J.H., Domènech, R., and Martinell, J. 2015. Miocene Clypeaster from Valencia (E Spain): insights into taphonomy and ichnology of bioeroded echinoids using X-ray micro-tomography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 438: 168–179.
• Reidenauer, J.A. 1989. Sand-dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) burrow trails: sites of harpacticoid disturbance and nematode attraction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 130: 223–235.
• Reuter, M., Auer, G., Brandano, M., Harzhauser, M., Corda, L., and Piller, W.E. 2016. Post-rift sequence architecture and stratigraphy in the Oligo-Miocene Sardinia Rift (Western Mediterranean Sea). Marine and Petroleum Geology 79: 44–63.
• Rodríguez-Barreras, R. 2014. The shallow-water echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Cuba. Marine Biodiversity Records 7: 1–8.
• Rodríguez-Barreras, R., Calzada-Marrero, J.R., and Sabat, A.M. 2012. A new record of the echinoid Echinoneus cyclostomus and additional information on Cassidulus caribaearum for Puerto Rico. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e112.
• Rose, E.P.F. 1976. Some observations on the Recent holectypoid echinoid Echinoneus cyclostomus and their palaeoecological significance. Thalassia Jugoslavica 12: 299–306.
• Rose, E.P.F. and Poddubiuk, R.H. 1987. Morphological variation in the Cenozoic echinoid Clypeaster and its ecological and stratigraphical significance. Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici 70: 463–469.
• Salsman, G.G. and Tolbert, W.H. 1965. Observation on the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata. Limnology and Oceanography 10: 152–155.
• Samyn, Y. 2003. Shallow-water regular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from Kenya. African Zoology 38: 193–212.
• Santos, C.P., Coutinho, A.B., and Hajdu, E. 2002. Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82: 295–297.
• Santos, A.G. and Mayoral, E.J. 2008. Colonization by barnacles on fossil Cly peaster: an exceptional example of larval settlement. Lethaia 41: 317–332.
• Santos, A., Mayoral, E., Muñiz, F., Bajo, I., and Adriaensens, O. 2003. Bioerosión en erizos irregulares (Clypeasteroidea) del Mioceno Superior en el sector suroccidental de la cuenca del Guadalquivir (Provincia de Sevilla). Revista Española de Paleontología 18: 131–141.
• Saucède, T., Mooi, R., and David, B. 2007. Phylogeny and origin of Jurassic irregular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Geological Magazine 144: 333–359.
• Schein, J.P. and Lewis, R.D. 2000. The relationship between living echinoid populations and their skeletal remains in the sea-floor sediment, San Salvador, Bahamas. In: B.J. Greenstein and C.J. Carney (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on the Geology of The Bahamas, and Other Carbonate Regions, 163–174. Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador.
• Schiaparelli, S., Franci, G., Albertelli, G., and Cattaneo-Vietti, R. 2005. A nondestructive method to evaluate population structure and bioerosion activity of the boring bivalve Gastrochaena dubia. Journal of Coastal Research 21: 383–386.
• Schneider, C.L. 2003. Hitchhiking on Pennsylvanian Echinoids: Epibionts on Archaeocidaris. Palaios 18: 435–444.
• Sciberras, M., Rizzo, M., Mifsud, J.R., Camilleri, K., Borg, J.A., Lanfranco, E., and Schembri, P.J. 2009. Habitat structure and biological characteristic of a maerl bed off the northeastern coast of the Maltese Island (central Mediterranean). Marine Biodiversity 39: 251–264.
• Seilacher, A. 1979. Constructional morphology of sand dollars. Palaeobiology 5: 191–221.
• Seilacher, A. 1982. Ammonite shells as a habitat in the Posidonia Shales of Holzmaden—floats or benthic islands? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2: 98–114.
• Serafy, D.K. 1970. A new species of Clypeaster from the Gulf and Caribbean and a key to the species in the tropical Northwestern Atlantic (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 20: 662–677.
• Serafy, D.K. 1979. Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5: 1–120.
• Sloan, N.A., Clark, A.M., and Taylor, J.D. 1979. The echinoderms of Aldabra and their habitats. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology 37: 81–128.
• Smith, A.B. 1978. A functional classification of the coronal pores of regular echinoids. Palaeontology 21: 81–84.
• Smith, A.B. 1980a. The structure and arrangement of echinoid tubercles. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B 289: 1–54.
• Smith, A.B. 1980b. The structure, function, and evolution of tube feet and ambulacral pores in irregular echinoids. Palaeontology 23: 39–83.
• Smith, A.B. 1984. Echinoid Palaeobiology. 190 pp. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London.
• Smith, A.B. 2001. Probing the cassiduloid origins of clypeasteroid echinoids using stratigraphically restricted parsimony analysis. Paleobiology 27: 392–404.
• Smith, A.B. and Gale, A.S. 2009. The pre-Messinian deep-sea Neogene echinoid fauna of the Mediterranean: Surface productivity controls and biogeographical relationships. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 281: 115–125.
• Smith, A.B. and Ghiold, J. 1982. Roles for holes in sand dollar (Echinodermata): a review of lunules function and evolution. Paleobiology 8: 242–253.
• Smith, A.B. and Kroh, A. (eds.) 2011. The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoid-directory [accessed 16/02/2017]. Natural History Museum, Vienna.
• Smith, A.L. 1981. Comparison of macrofaunal invertebrates in sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) beds and in adjacent areas. Marine Biology 65: 191–198.
• Speranza, F., Villa, I.M., Sagnotti, L., Florindo, F., Cosentino, D., Cipollari, P., and Mattei, M. 2002. Age of the Corsica and Sardinia rotation and Liguro-Provencal Basin spreading: new paleomagnetic and Ar/Ar evidences. Tectonophysics 347: 231–251.
• Sonnenholzner, J.I., Ladah, L.B., and Lafferty, K.D. 2009. Cascading effects of fishing on Galapagos rocky reef communities: reanalysis using corrected data. Marine Ecology Progress Series 375: 209–218.
• Stanley, D.J. and James, N.P. 1971. Distribution of Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck) and associated fauna on Sable Island Bank, southeast Canada. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 6: 1–24.
• Stara P., Rizzo R., Sanciu L., and Fois D. 2012. Note di geologia e paleoecologia relative ad alcuni siti ad Amphiope (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroidea) in Sardegna. Parva Naturalia 9: 121–171.
• Stara, P. and Borghi, E. 2014. The echinoid genus Amphiope L. Agassiz, 1840 (Echinoidea Astriclypeidae) in the Oligo-Miocene of Sardinia (Italy). Biodiversity Journal 5: 245–268.
• Steimle, F.W. 1990. Population dynamics, growth and reproduction estimates for the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma. Fishery Bulletin 88: 179–189.
• Stevenson, A., Gahn, F.J., Baumiller, T.K., and Sevastopulo, G.D. 2017. Predation on feather stars by regular echinoids as evidenced by laboratory and field observations and its paleobiological implications. Paleobiology 43: 274–285.
• Swigart, J.P. and Lawrence, J.M. 2008. Small-scale distribution of the sand dollar Mellita tenuis and Encope michelini (Clypeasteroida, Echinodermata) off the Central Florida Gulf Coast. Gulf of Mexico Science 26: 46–56.
• Takeda, S. 2008. Mechanism maintaining dense beds of the sand dollars Scaphechinus mirabilis in northern Japan. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 363: 21–27.
• Tanti, C.M. and Schembri, P.J. 2006. A synthesis of the echinoderm fauna of the Maltese Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86: 163–165.
• Telford, M. 1981. A hydrodynamic interpretation of sand dollar morphology. Bulletin of Marine Science 31: 605–622.
• Telford, M. 1983. An experimental analysis of lunule function in the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata. Marine Biology 76: 125–134.
• Telford, M. and Mooi, R. 1986. Resource partitioning by sand dollars in carbonate and siliceous sediments: evidence from podial and particle dimensions. Biological Bulletin 171: 197–207.
• Telford, M. and Mooi, R. 1987. The art of standing still. New Scientist 1556: 30–35.
• Telford, M., Harold, A., and Mooi, R. 1983. Feeding structures, behavior, and microhabitat of Echinocyamus pusillus (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida). Biological Bulletin 165: 745–757.
• Telford, M., Mooi, R., and Harold, A. 1987. Feeding activities of two species of Clypeaster (Echinoides, Clypeasteroida): further evidence of clypeasteroid resource partitioning. Biological Bulletin 172: 324–336.
• Tewfik, A. 2014. Losing the shell game: Consequences of seascapes without predatory gastropods. In: Proceedings of the 67th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute November 3–7, 2014, Christ Church, Barbados, 331–338. Bridgetown, Barbados.
• Tewfik, A. and Scheuer, B. 2013. Ecology of the King Helmet, Cassis tuberosa (L.), in South Caicos. Caribbean Naturalist 2: 1–10.
• Timko, P.L. 1976. Sand dollars as suspension feeders: a new description of feeding in Dendraster excentricus. Biological Bulletin 151: 247–259.
• Thomas, B. and Gennesseaux, M. 1986. A two-stage rifting in the basins of the Corsica-Sardinian straits. Marine Geology 72: 225–239.
• Thompson, J.R. and Ausich, W.I. 2016. Facies distribution and taphonomy of echinoids from the Fort Payne Formation (late Osagean, early Viséan, Mississippian) of Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology 90: 239–249.
• Thompson, J.R. and Denayer, J. 2017. Revision of echinoids from the Tournaisian (Mississippian) of Belgium and the importance of disarticulated material in assessing palaeodiversity. Geological Journal 52: 529–538.
• Thompson, J.R., Crittenden, J., Schneider, C.L., and Bottjer, D. 2015. Lower Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian) echinoids from the Marble Falls Formation, San Saba, Texas, USA. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 276: 79–89.
• Thum, A.B. and Allen, J.C. 1975. Distribution and Abundance of the Lamp Urchin Echinolampas crassa (Bell) 1880 in False Bay Cape. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 41: 359–373.
• Tortonese, E. 1965. Echinodermata: Fauna d’Italia. 450 pp. Calderini, Bologna.
• Tsaparas, N., Drinia, H., Antonarakou, A., Marcopoulou-Diakantoni, A., and Dermitzakis, M.D. 2007. Tortonian Clypeaster fauna (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida) from Gavdos Island (Greece). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40: 225–237.
• Velluttini, B.C. and Bigotto, A.E. 2010. Embryonic, larval, and juvenile development of the sea biscuit Clypeaster subdepressus (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida). PloS ONE 5: 1–5.
• Vigorito, M., Murru, M., and Simone, L. 2006. Architectural patterns in a multistorey mixed carbonate-siliciclastic submarine channel, Porto Torres Basin, Miocene, Sardinia, Italy. Sedimentary Geology 186: 213–236.
• Weihe, S.C. and Gray, I.E. 1968. Observation on the biology of the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 84: 315–327.
• Westergren, A.M. 1911. Reports on the scientific results of the Expedition “Albatross”. Echini—Echinoneus and Micropetalon. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 39: 35–68.
• Wisshak, M., Kroh, A., Bertling, M., Knaust, D., Nielsen, J.K., Jagt, J.W.M., Neumann, C., and Nielsen, K.S.S. 2015. In defence of an iconic ichnogenus—Oichnus Bromley, 1981. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 85: 445–451.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.4202/app.00357.2017