Promotion of renewable energy technologies in Sub-Sahara Africa via biomass energy technology

• Autorzy: Nya J.J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

There are various biomass energy technologies with imbalanced application status spread all over Sub-Sahara Africa. Currently, some biomass technologies have been developed maturely in the market such as biogas, that can be economically competitive, commercially developed, and applied in large scale, while other technologies are in the early stage of commercial applications, that need subsidies and other financial incentives to encourage them in the market. These include biomass power, biomass pallet fuel, biofuels from non-grain feedstock, etc. There are also many emerging biomass technologies which are at R&D and demonstration stage and are expected to develop into industrial and commercial applications, such as biological ethanol fuel from cellulose and biodiesel from oil plants. Due to the differences in terms of technology maturity, development stage, market competitiveness, and future perspectives of the various biomass technologies, the obstacles can be different, the needed incentives also vary. It is an important task for Sub-Sahara African Countries to study and design a biomass energy development program to ensure implementation of the region’s biomass energy development objectives. The biomass energy development program in Sub-Sahara Africa should include assessment of various biomass technology status and objectives, development of approaches in biomass technology research and development, pilot projects, demonstration, and application promotions, and identify supporting incentives in techniques and regulations.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Sub-Saharan Africa; global climate change; quantitative assessment; renewable energy; biomass energy; new technology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: International Letters of Natural Sciences
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: 15
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.1-16,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Nya J.J.

• Physics Department, University of the Gambia, Banjul, Gambia, West Africa

Bibliografia

• [1] ADB (1996). Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Systems in Africa, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (ADB).
• [2] AFREPREN (2001). AFREPREN Occasional paper No. 5: Power Sector Reform in Africa – Proceedings of a Regional Policy Seminar, Nairobi, AFREPREN.
• [3] AFREPREN (2004). African Energy Data and Terminology Handbook: Year 2003-2004 Edition, Nairobi, AFREPREN.
• [4] Akarakiri J. B. (2002). “Rural Energy in Nigeria: The Electricity Alternative”, Proceedings: Domestic Use of Energy, International Conference Towards Sustainable Energy Solutions for the Developing World, 2-3 April, 2002, Cape Technikon, Cape Town, South Africa.
• [5] ASE (1998). Power Smart: Easy Tips to Save Money and the Planet, Washington DC, Alliance to Save Energy (ASE).
• [6] Berdai M. (2001). “Renewable Energy in Morocco: Limits and Prospects”, Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for the Ninth Session on the Commission on Sustainable Development, Denmark, UNEP.
• [7] Collaborating Centre on Energy and Development. Beehary R.V. (1996). The State of Renewable Energy Resources Development in Mauritius, Mauritius, University of Mauritius.
• [8] Brew-Hammond A. (1995). Institutional Framework for Diffusion of Solar Technologies in Developing Countries, paper prepared for the ISES Solar World Congress, Harare, Zimbabwe, September 1995.
• [9] Deepchand K. (2001). Bagasse-Based Cogeneration in Mauritius-A model for Eastern and Southern Africa. AFREPREN Occasional Paper No.2, Nairobi, AFREPREN.
• [10] EAAL (2003). Sustainable Energy Solutions for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya: Energy Alternatives Africa Limited (EEAL).
• [11] Edjekumhene I., Brew-Hammond A. (2001). “Barriers to the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development in Ghana”, Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for the Ninth Session on the Commission on Sustainable Development, Denmark: UNEP.
• [12] Ekouevi (2001). “An Overview of Biomass Energy Issues in sub-Saharan Africa”, Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for the Ninth Session on the Commission on Sustainable Development, Denmark: UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Development.
• [13] EIA (2004). Egypt, www.eia.doe.gov, Washington D.C., USA: Energy Information Administration (EIA).
• [14] EIC (2002). Best Practice Guide: Economic and Financial Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Projects and Programs, Colorado, Ecoenergy International Corporation (EIC).
• [15] Enda (1994). Assessment of Solar and Wind Energy Utilisation in Africa, Dakar, Enda.
• [16] Ezzati M., Kammen D. M. (2002). “Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries: Knowledge Base for Effective Interventions”, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 27, California, Annual Reviews Inc.
• [17] GEF (1992). Market Penetration to Solar Heating in Tunisia, Washington D.C., Global Environment Facility (GEF).
• [18] GEF (1998). Tunisia - Experimental Validation of Building Codes and Removal of Barriers to their Adoption, www.gefweb.org/wprogram, Washington D.C., USA: Global Environment Facility (GEF).
• [19] IEA (2003). Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2000-2001, Paris, International Energy Agency (IEA).
• [20] IEA (2004). World Energy Outlook, 2004, Paris, International Energy Agency (IEA).
• [21] IEA (2005). Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2002-2003, Paris, International Energy Agency (IEA).
• [22] Kammen D., Kapadia, K. and Fripp, M. (2004). Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate?, Berkeley, University of California.
• [23] Karekezi S. (1996). Solar Energy for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa - Status and Prospects, Nairobi, AFREPREN.
• [24] Karekezi, S. (2002b). “Renewables in Africa - Meeting the Energy Needs of the Poor”, Energy Policy, Vol. 30 Nos. 11-12. Special Issue - Africa: Improving Modern Energy Service for the Poor, Oxford, Elsevier Ltd.
• [25] Karekezi S., Turyareeba P., Ranja T. (1995). Renewable Energy Technologies: Research for Dissemination and Implementation (second draft), Stockholm and Nairobi, SEI and AFREPREN, pp. 26-30.