The role of rock phosphates in sustainable agriculture: the Hungarian experience with Algerian rock phosphate

• Autorzy: Nemeth T. , Csatho P. , Osztoics E.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

From the early 60's till the late 80's, in many countries - among them also in Hungary - agricultural production went through a tremendous development. In Hungary there was a 2-3-fold increase in the average yields of winter wheat, and maize - the two main crops - in comparison to those of the 50's. One of the main factors determining these developments was the increasing use of mineral fertilizers. From the turn of the century till the late 50's, nutrient balances in Hungary were strongly negative: 20 - 30 kg/ha/year less N and K₂O, and 10 kg/ha/year less P₂O₅ was given to the fields in the different forms (farmyard manure, mineral fertilizer and by-products, etc.), than was removed by the harvested yields. Nutrient balances of P became positive in the early 60's, while balances of N and K in the early 70's, resp. Then, for 20 years, N balances were positive by 10 - 20 kg/ha/year, while both P₂O₅ and K₂O balances by 30 - 50 kg/ha/year, resp. These long-term positive nutrient balances resulted in the NPK enrichment of our soils, which was also proven by the national soil test series. During the 80's, for example, the amount of yearly applied mineral fertilizer was 230 - 280 kg/ha N + P₂O₅ + K₂O/arable land. In certain regions N leaching could cause environmental damage, while, as a result of the P-Zn antagonism, on the fields poorly supplied with Zn, overfertilization with P resulted in 1 - 2 t/ha/year maize yield losses. From the early 90's, however, when political and ecological changes took place in the country, the free market was introduced, and state subsidies on mineral fertilizer were withdrawn, there was a sharp decrease in mineral fertilizer use: applied N dropped to 1/5th, P and K to 1/20th of the amount used in the 80's. This dramatic decrease resulted in the change of nutrient balances: in 1991 the balance for N was -60, for P₂O₅ -30, and for K₂O -40 kg/ha for the whole country, resp. In 1992 and 1993 the situation was similar, while in 1994 a slight increase in mineral fertilizer use was observed. According to our estimation, mineral fertilization of 150 kg/ha/year N + P₂O₅ + K₂O is sufficient for long-term sustainable plant nutrition in Hungary, if farmyard manure application and the incorporation of byproducts remains on the recent level. During intensive fertilization practice, emphasis was on the quantity, while crop and soil demands for specific or more economic fertilizers were not taken into consideration. For N, lime ammonium nitrate, for P superphosphate, and for K, potash chloride was used on almost the whole area. As a new attempt to find more economic P sources, Algerian rock phosphate was checked in field trials, set up on characteristic acidic soils in different regions of Hungary, as well as other Central European countries. The first two-year results are discussed in the presentation.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

rock phosphate; sustainable agriculture; Hungary; agriculture; fertilization; nutrient balance; phosphate; soil; plant nutrient; superphosphate

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: 456
• Opis fizyczny: p.169-176,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Nemeth T.

• Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto u., 1022 Budapest, Hungary

autor

Csatho P.

• Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto u., 1022 Budapest, Hungary

autor

Osztoics E.

• Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto u., 1022 Budapest, Hungary

Bibliografia

• 1. Ángyán J., Menyhért Z. 1988. Integrated sustainable crop production. (In Hung ). GATE-KSzE. Gödöllö-Szekszárd.
• 2. Balia H, 1979. Investigation on the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. (In Hung.), [in:] The effect of intensive mineral fertilization on soil fertility. MTA TAKI. Ankét. 130 - 138.
• 3. Baranyai F., Fekete A., Kovács I. 1987. Results of the national soil test series in Hungary. (In Hung.). Mezõgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest.
• 4. Buzás I., Karkalik A., Tihanyi L. 1988. Comparison of the suggestion of the fertilizer recommendation system and the practice of fertilizer application, resp., based on the dataset of national maize production data. (In Hung ). Hungagrochem'88. 183 - 189.
• 5. Csathó P. 1990. The effects of long-term phosphorus application on a calcareous chernozem soil. (In Hung.). Melioráráció-öntözés és talajvédelem, 1, 45 - 53.
• 6. Csathó P. 1993. Factors affecting responses to potassium fertilization. Ph. D. Thesis. MTA TAKI-TMB. Budapest. 97 p.
• 7. Csathó P. 1994. NPK balances of Hungarian soils in 1990 and 1991. Növénytermelés, 43, 551 - 561.
• 8. Csathó P., Kádár I., Sarkadi J. 1989. Mineral fertilization of maize on a calcareous chernozem soil. (In Hung.). Növénytermelés, 38, 69 - 76.
• 9. Debreczeni B. 1988. NPK balance of Hungarian agriculture. (In Hung ). Nemz. Mg. Szemle. 2 - 3, 150 - 153.
• 10. Debreczeni B. Debreczeni K. 1960. Comparison trials with single and complex fertilizers. (In Hung.). Agrokémia és Talajtan, 9, 291 - 306.
• 11. Egner H., Riehm H. Domingo W. R. 1960. Untersuchungen über die chemische Bodenanalyse als Grundlage für die Beurteilung des Nahrstoffzustandes der Böden. II. Lantbr. Högsk. Ann. 26, 199 - 215.
• 12. Farkas Á. 1942. Plant nutrient balance of Hungary. (In Hung.). Magyar Gazd. Kut. Int. Budapest.
• 13. Gyõrffy B. 1965. Soil fertility an chemization. (In Hung.). Tudomány és Mezõgazdaság, 3, 11 - 20.
• 14. Holló S., Csathó P., Sarkadi J. 1991. Efficiency of phosphorus fertilization in a crop rotation of maizespring barley-winter wheat, on a brown forest soil. (In Hung ). Növénytermelés, 40, 51 - 66.
• 15. Kádár I. 1979. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium balance of Hungarian crop production. (In Hung.). Agrokémia és Talajtan, 28, 527 - 544.
• 16. Kádár I. 1987. On the mineral nutrient turnover of Hungarian agriculture. (In Hung ). Szemle. Növénytermelés, 36, 517 - 526.
• 17. Kádár I. 1988. Better ifiess fertilizer applied! (In Hung). Búvár, 7, 12.
• 18. Kádár 1. 1992. Principles and methods of plant nutrition. (In Hung.). MTA TAKI Akaprint. Budapest. 398.
• 19. Kádár I., Csathó P., Sarkadi J. 1991. Potassium fertilization in Hungary: responses in maize and in other crops. Acta Agron. Hung. 40, 295 - 317.
• 20. Kádár I., Csathó P., Thamm B. 1993. The residual effect of P fertilization in a Hungarian long-term field trial, 1973 - 1992. Rothamsted 150th Anniversary Conf. Abstracts 144 - 145.
• 21. Kovács G. (Ed.). 1984. Evaluation of the data of the 1st national soil test series in Hungary. (In Hung.). MÉM NAK Kiadv. Budapest.
• 22. Mezőgazdasági statisztikai zsebkönyvek, 1991, 1992. KSH Budapest.
• 23. Németh I. 1985. The effect of P fertilizers on wheat yields and the nutrient contents of brown forest soils, [in:] 9th World Fertilizer Congress. Budapest, 2: 405 - 409.
• 24. Németh T., Búzás I. 1991. N fertilization long-term field trials on a humusous sandy soil and on a calcareous chernozem soil. (In Hung ). Agrokémia és Talajtan, 40, 399 - 408.
• 25. Németh T., Osztoics E. 1997. Effect of different phosphorus fertilizer sources on red clover in a pot experiment with six acidic soils. [in:] Proc. 11th World Fertilizer Congress. Ghent. Belgium.
• 26. Németh T., Kovács G. J. Kádár I. 1987 - 1988. Examination of NO₃⁻, SO₄⁻² and salt leaching in a long-term field trial with fertilizers. (In Hung.). Agrokémia és Talajtan, 36 - 37, 109 - 126.
• 27. Németh T., Csathó P. Molnár E. 1994. Nutrient loads from agriculture. [in:] Danube integrated Environmental Study. Phase 2. EC PHARE Programme. Senator Consult- RISSAC HAS. Budapest.
• 28. Németh T., Osztoics E., Baczó G. 1995. Effect of different P fertilizer sources on spring barley in a pot experiment with six acidic soils. [in:] Proc. 9th CIEC Symposium. Kusadasi, Türkiye. (in print).
• 29. Sarkadi J. 1979. The effect of intensive plant nutrition on the soil fertility. (In Hung ). [In:] The effect of intensive fertilization on soil fertility. MTA TAKI. Ankét. 5 - 35. Budapest.
• 30. Sarkadi J. Kádár I. 1974. The interaction between phosphorus fertilizer residues and fresh phosphate dressings in a chernozem soil. Agrokémia és Talajtan. 23. Suppl. 92 - 100.
• 31. Stefanovits P., Sarkadi J. 1963. Map of possible responses to fertilizer application in Hungary. (In Hung ). [in:] Stefanovits P. Magyarország talajai. (Soils of Hungary). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. 2. bőv. kiad. pp. 383 - 388.
• 32. Tyurin I. V. 1951. K metodike analiza dija szravnitelnogo izucsemja szosztava pocsvennogo gumusza. Trudü Pocsvennogo Instituta. A. N. Sz. Sz. Sz. R.
• 33. Várallyay G., Buzás I., Kádár I. Németh T. 1992. New plant nutrition advisory system in Hungary. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 23, 2053 - 2073.
• 34. Várallyay G., Szücs L.. Murányi A., Rajkai K., Zilahy P. 1980 Map of soil factors determining the agro-ecological potential of Hungary II. Agrokémia és Talajtan, 29, 35 - 76.
• 35. Zukker F. 1938. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium balance of Hungarian agriculture. (In Hung ). Mezõgazd. Közlöny, 11, 10 - 16.