Still unnoticed. Women in Polish sports associations. Content analysis of Polish, international, and British formal rules of sports organizations

• Autorzy: Organista N.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

From a critical paradigm point of view sport has been a sexist institution. Despite the women empowerment in sport they are still trivialized and marginalized. Research also shows that sport organizations may be exceptionally opposed to women, valuing hegemonic masculinity. Therefore, the aim of this article is to check whether gender inequalities occur in Polish sports organizations and what the scale of those inequalities is in comparison to international and British organizations. Content analysis was used to examine official documents of organizations. The sample consists of seventeen Polish, international and British sports organizations. The content analysis indicates that international and British organizations place more pressure on preventing discrimination by using appropriate provisions in the statutes, reserving places for women in committees or paying attention to the language used in documents. The findings revealed that Polish sports organizations do not implement the strategy to reduce the degree of discrimination due to gender. They remain blind to issues connected with gender.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 09
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.81-97,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Organista N.

• Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Jozef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] Pfister G. Women in Sport – Gender Relations and Future Perspectives. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics.2010;13(2): 234-248.
• [2] Kay T. Women, sport and gender inequality. In: Houlihan B, editor. Sport and society. A student introduction. London: Sage Publications; 2003, 130-155.
• [3] Messner M, Dworkin S. Just do what? Sport, Bodies, Gender. In: Scraton S, Flintoff A, editors. Sport and Gender. A Reader. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; 2002, 17-29.
• [4] Whitson D. Sport in the social construction of masculinity In: Messner M, Sabo D, editors. Sport, men and the gender order. Champaign:Human Kinetics; 1989, 19-30.
• [5] Connell R. Messerschmidt J. Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender Soc. 2000;19(6): 829-859.
• [6] Connell R. A thousand miles from kind: Men, masculinities and modern institutions. J Men’s Stud. 2008;16(3):237-252.
• [7] Hall A. The Discourse of Gender and Sport: From Femininity to Feminism. In: Scraton S, Flintoff A, editors. Sport and Gender. A Reader, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; 2002: 6-16.
• [8] Kim J. Gender inequality in the U.S Labor Market: evidence from the 2000 Census. In: Karsten M, editor. Gender, race and ethnicity in the workplace. Issues and challenges for today’s organizations, V.(1), Westport: Praeger Publishers; 2006, 269-290.
• [9] Kimmel M, Aronson A. The gendered society reader. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004.
• [10] Acker J. Hierarchies, jobs, bodies. A theory of gendered organizations. Gender Soc. 1990;(2):139-158.
• [11] Connell R. Gender: In world perspective. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press; 2009.
• [12] Alvesson M, Billing Y. Understanding gender and organizations. London: Sage Publications; 1997.
• [13] Woo D, Khoo G. Corporate culture and leadership: traditional, legal and charismatic authority In: Karsten M, editor. Gender, race and ethnicity in the workplace. Issues and challenges for today’s organizations, V(1). Westport: Praeger Publishers; 2000, 79-113.
• [14] Powell G, Butterfield A, Parent J. Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed? In: Karsten M, editor. Gender, race and ethnicity in the workplace. Issues and challenges for today’s organizations, V(2). Westport: Praeger Publishers; 2000, 143-163.
• [15] Anderson E. The maintenance of masculinity among the stakeholders of sport. Sport Management Rev. 2010;12(1):3-14.
• [16] Messner M. Gender ideologies, youth sports, and the production of soft essentialism. Soc Sport J. 2010;28:151-170.
• [17] Adams A, Anderson E, McCormack M. Establishing and challenging masculinity: The influence of gendered discourses in organized sport. J Lang Soc Psychol. 2010;29(3):278-300.
• [18] Anderson E. “I used to think that women are weak”: Orthodox masculinity, gender segregation and sport. Sociol Forum. 2008;23(2):257-280.
• [19] Sibson R. “I was banging my head against a brick wall”: Exclusionary power and the gendering of sport organizations”. J Sport Management. 2010;24(4):379-399.
• [20] Hoeber L. Exploring the gaps between meanings and practices of gender equity in sport organization. Gender, Work & Organization. 2007;14(3):259-280.
• [21] Pfister G, Radtke S. Sport, women and leadership: results of a project on executives in German organizations. Eur J Sport Sci. 2009;9(4):229-243.
• [22] Pfister G, Radtke S. Dropping out: Why male and female leaders in German sports federations break off their careers. Sport Management Rev. 2006;9:111-139.
• [23] Knoppers A. Giving meaning to sport involvement in managerial work. Gender, Work & Organization. 2010;18(1):1-22.
• [24] Krook M. Gender quotas, norms, and politics. Politics & Gender. 2006;2(1):110-118.
• [25] Dahlerup D, editor. Women, quotas and politics. New York: Routledge; 2006.
• [26] Mills S. Language and sexism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
• [27] Skirstad B. Gender policy and organizational change: A contextual approach. Sport Management Rev. 2011;12:202-216.
• [28] Sartore M, Cunningham B. Explaining the under-representation of women in leadership positions of sport organization: a symbolic interactionist perspective. Quest. 2007;59:244-265.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.29359/BJHPA.09.1.09