Body size and the relative abundance of species

• Autorzy: Ulrich W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Existing models of species abundance distributions (SADs) can be divided into those that are based on concepts of common limited niche space (niche apportionment models, neutral models) and those that invoke standard statistical distributions (e. g. log-series, lognormal). While the first type of models assumes that competitive interactions lead to observed SADs, the models of the second type appear to be mainly statistical descriptors of SADs without deeper biological meaning. None of the models explicitly includes species body size as a factor influencing species abundances. Further, with the exception of recent neutral models they are not embedded into basic ecological and evolutionary models to explain local diversity and ecosystem functioning. Here I present a new random walk model of species abundances that is based on two well known ecological distributions, the abundance - body weight distribution and the species - body weight distribution to define long-term upper abundance boundaries (carrying capacities). I show that a simple random walk of species abundances around the carrying capacities not only generates observed SADs but is also able to explain other patterns of community structure like core - satellite distributions, temporal patterns of species turnover, variance - mean ratios, and biomass distributions.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

species abundance; species distribution; species dominance; log-normal distribution; random walk; metabolic theory; temporal variability; biomass distribution; modelling

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Ecological Questions
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: 10
• Opis fizyczny: p.19-29,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Ulrich W.

• Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Protection of Environment, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Torun, Poland

Bibliografia

• Bell G., 2001, Neutral macroecology, Science 293: 2413 - 2418.
• Blackburn T. M. & Gaston K. J., 1997, A critical assessment of the form of the interspecific relationship between abundance and body size in animals, Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 233 - 249. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/6025
• Bramson M., Cox J. T. & Durrett R., 1999, A spatial model for the abundance of species, Annals of Probability 26: 658 - 709.
• Brown J. H., Marquet P. A. & Taper M. L., 1993, Spatial scaling of species composition: body masses of North American land mammals, American Naturalist 142: 573 - 584.
• Brown J. H., Gillooly J. H., Allen A. P., Savage V. M. & West G. B., 2004, Towards a metabolic theory of ecology, Ecology 85: 1771 - 1789. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-9000
• Brown J. H., West G. B. & Enquist B. J., 2005, Yes, West, Brown and Enquist's model of allometric scaling is both mathematically correct and biologically relevant, Functional Ecology 19: 735 - 738. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01022.x
• Byers J. A., 2001, Correlated random walk equations of animal dispersion resolved by simulation, Ecology 82: 1680 - 1690. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082%5B1680:CRWEOA%5D2.0.CO;2
• Cantos F. J. & Gomez-Mazaneque A., 1998, Informe sobre la campana de la anillamiento de aves en Espana, Ecologia 12: 351 - 401.
• Chave J., 2004, Neutral theory and community ecology, Ecology Letters 7: 241 - 253. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2003.00566.x
• Chislenko L. L., 1981, Structure of fauna and flora as dependent on organismal body size, Moscow Univ. Press, in Russian.
• Connolly S. R., Hughes T. P., Bellwood D. R. & Karlson R. H., 2005, Community Structure of Corals and Reef Fishes at Multiple Scales, Science 309: 1363 - 1365.
• Crowley P. H., 1992, Density dependence, boundedness, and attraction: detecting stability in stochastic systems, Oecologia 90: 246 - 254.
• Cyr H., Peters R. H. & Downing J. A., 1997, Population density and community size structure: comparison of aquatic and terrestrial systems, Oikos 80: 139 - 149. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546525
• Engen S. & Lande R. 1996, Population dynamic models generating the lognormal species abundance distribution, Mathematical Bioscience 132: 169 - 183.
• Farrell-Gray C. C. & Gotelli N. J., 2005, Allometric exponents support a 3/4-power scaling law, Ecology 86: 2083 - 2087. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-1618
• Fisher A. G., Corbet S. A. & Williams S. A., 1943, The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population, Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42 - 58. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1411
• Foley P., 1994, Predicting extinction times from environmental stochasticity and carrying capacity, Conservation Biology 8: 124 - 137. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010124.x
• Gaston K., 1994, Rarity, Chapman & Hall, London.
• Gaston K. J. & Blackburn T. M., 2000, Pattern and process in macroecology, Blackwell, Oxford.
• Hubbell S. P., 2001, The unified theory of biogeography and biodiversity, University Press, Princeton.
• Hubbell S. P., 2003, Modes of speciation and the lifespans of species under neutrality: a response to the comment of Robert E. Ricklefs, Oikos 100: 194 - 200.
• Hubbell S. P. & Lake J., 2003, The neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, and beyond, [in:] T. M. Blackburn & K. J. Gaston (eds.), Macroecology: patterns and process. Blackwell, Oxford: 45 - 63.
• Hughes R. G., 1984, A model of the structure and dynamics of benthic marine invertebrate communities, Marine Ecology Progress Series 15: 1 - 11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps015001
• Kindlmann P., Dixon A. F. G. & Dostalkova I., 1999, Does body size optimization result in skewed body size distributions on a logarithmic scale?, American Naturalist 153: 445 - 447.
• Kozłowski J. & Weiner J., 1997, Interspecific allometries are byproducts of body size optimization, American Naturalist 149: 352 - 380.
• Kozłowski J. & Gawełczyk A. T., 2002, Why are species' body size distributions usually skewed to the right?, Functional Ecology 16: 419 - 432. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00646.x
• Kozłowski J. & Konarzewski M., 2004, Is West, Brown and Enquist's model of allometric scaling mathematically correct and biologically relevant?, Functional Ecology 18: 283 - 289. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00830.x
• Kunin W. E. & Gaston K. (eds.), 1997, The biology of rarity, Chapman & Hall, London.
• Lloyd M., 1967, Mean crowding, Journal of Animal Ecology 36: 1 - 30. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3012
• Loder N., 1997, Insect species - body size distributions, Thesis Univ. Sheffield.
• MacArthur R. H., 1957, On the relative abundance of bird species, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 43: 293 - 294. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.43.3.293
• Magurran A. E., 2003, Measuring biological diversity, Blackwell Publishers, Maldan, MA.
• Magurran A. E., 2005, Species abundance distributions: pattern or process? Functional Ecology 19: 177 - 181. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00930.x
• Magurran A. E., 2007, Species abundance distributions overtime, Ecology Letters 10: 347 - 354. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01024.x
• Magurran A. E. & Henderson P. A., 2003, Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions, Nature 422: 714 - 716.
• Maurer B. A., Brown J. H. & Rusler R. D., 1992, The micro and macro in body size evolution, Evolution 46: 939 - 953. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409748
• May R. M., 1975, Patterns of species abundance and diversity, [in:] M. L. Cody J. M. Diamond (eds.), Ecology and evolution of communities, Belknap, Cambridge: 81 - 120.
• McGill B. J., 2003, Does Mother Nature really prefer rare species or are log-left-skewed SADs a sampling artefact?, Ecology Letters 6: 766 - 773. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00491.x
• McGill B., Maurer B. A. & Weiser M. D., 2006, Empirical evaluation of the neutral theory, Ecology 87: 1411 - 1423. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87%5B1411:EEONT%5D2.0.CO;2
• McGill B. et al., 2007, Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework, Ecology Letters 10: 995 - 1015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01094.x
• McKinney M. L., 1990, Trends in body size evolution, [in:] K. C. McNamara (ed.), Evolutionary trends, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson: 75 - 118.
• Morse D. R., Stork N. E. & Lawton J. H., 1988, Species number, species abundance and body length relationships of arboreal beetles in Bornean lowland rain forest trees, Ecological Entomology 13: 25 - 37. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1988.tb00330.x
• Motomura I., 1932, On the statistical treatment of communities, Zoological Magazine Tokyo 44: 379 - 383.
• Moulliot D., Lepretre A., Andrei-Ruiz M.-C. & Viale D., 2000, The fractal model: an new model to describe the species accumulation process and relative abundance distribution (RAD), Oikos 90: 333 - 342. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900214.x
• Nee S., Harvey P. H. & May R. M., 1991, Lifting the veil on abundance patterns, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 243: 161 - 163.
• Novotny V. & Basset Y., 2000, Rare species in communities of tropical insect herbivores: pondering the mystery of singletons, Oikos 89: 564 - 572. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890316.x
• Novotny V. & Kindlmann P., 1996, Distribution of body sizes in arthropod taxa and communities, Oikos 75: 75 - 82.
• Nummelin M., 1998, Log-normal distribution of species abundances is not a universal indicator of rain forest disturbance, Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 454 - 457. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00309.x
• Pianka E. R., 1970, On r- and K-selection, American Naturalist 104: 592 - 597. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/282697
• Pollard E., Lakhani K. H. & Rothery P., 1987, The detection of density-dependence from a series of annual censuses, Ecology 68: 2046 - 2055. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939895
• Preston F. W., 1962, The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Part I and II, Ecology 43: 185 - 215, 410 - 432. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1931976
• Purtauf T., Dauber J. & Wolters V., 2005, The response of carabids to landscape simplification differs between trophic groups, Oecologia 142: 458 - 464.
• Reich P. B., Tjoelker M. G., Machado J.-L. & Oleksyn J., 2006, Universal scaling of respiratory metabolism, size and nitrogen in plants, Nature 439: 457 - 461.
• Savage V. M., Gillooly J. F., Woodruff W. H., West G. B., Allen A. P., Enquist B. J. & Brown J. H., 2004, The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology, Funct. Ecol. 18: 257 - 282. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00856.x
• Smith F. A. et al., 2004, Similarity of Mammalian body size across the taxonomic hierarchy and across space and time, American Naturalist 163: 672 - 691.
• Solé R. & Alonso D., 1998, Random walks, fractals and the origins of rainforest diversity, Advances in Complex Systems E 62: 8466 - 8484.
• Sugihara G., 1980, Minimal community structure: an explanation of species abundance patterns, American Naturalist 116: 770 - 787. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/283669
• StatSoft, 2005, Statistica (data analysis software system), version 7. 1 http://www.statsoft.com/
• Stork N. E. & Blackburn T. M., 1993, Abundance, body size and biomass of arthropods in tropical forest, Oikos 67: 483 - 489. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545360
• Taylor L. R., 1961, Aggregation, variance and the mean, Nature 332: 721 - 722.
• Taylor L. R., Woiwod I. P. & Perry J. N., 1980, Variance and the large scale spatial stability of aphids, moths and birds, Journal of Animal Ecology 49: 831 - 854. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4230
• Taylor L. R. & Woiwod I. P., 1982, Comparing synoptic dynamics. I. Relationship between inter- and intraspecific spatial and temporal variance/mean population parameters, Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 879 - 906. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012
• Tokeshi M., 1990, Niche apportionment or random assortment: species abundance patterns revisited, Journal of Animal Ecology 59: 1129 - 1146. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5036
• Tokeshi M., 1996, Power fraction: a new explanation of relative abundance patterns in species-rich assemblages, Oikos 75: 543 - 550.
• Tokeshi M., 1999, Species coexistence, Blackwell, Oxford.
• Ugland K. I. & Gray J. S., 1982, Lognormal distributions and the concept of community equilibrium, Oikos 39: 171 - 178. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544482
• Ulrich W., 1999, The density - size and the biomass - weight distribution is generated by the species - size distribution together with density fluctuations: evidence from model species distributions in the Hymenoptera, Polish Journal of Ecology 47: 87 - 101.
• Ulrich W., 2001, Relative abundance distributions of species: The need to have a new look at them, Polish Journal of Ecology 49: 393 - 407.
• Ulrich W., 2002, RAD - a FORTRAN program for the study of relative abundance distributions. www.uni.torun.pl/~ulrichw
• Ulrich W., 2004, Neutral macroecology - ecology without biology?, Ecological Questions 4: 113 - 126.
• Ulrich W., 2005, Die Hymenopteren einer Wiese auf Kalkgestein: Ökologische Muster einer lokalen Tiergemeinschaft, Schriftenreihe des Forschzentrums Waldökosysteme A 195: 1 - 203.
• Ulrich W., 2006, Body size distributions of European Hymenoptera, Oikos 114: 518 - 528. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14839.x
• Ulrich W., 2007, Species abundance distributions in space and time, Ecological Questions 8: 15 - 20.
• Ulrich W., Buszko J. & Czarnecki A., 2005, The local interspecific abundance - body weight relationship of ground beetles: A counterexample to the common pattern, Polish Journal of Ecology 53: 113 - 117.
• Ulrich W. & Ollik M., 2003, The internet database of relative abundance distributions www.uni.torun.pl/~ulrichw
• Ulrich W. & Ollik M., 2004, Frequent and occasional species and the shape of relative abundance distributions, Diversity & Distributions 10: 263 - 269.
• Ulrich W. & Zalewski M., 2006, Abundance and co-occurrence patterns of core and satellite species of ground beetles on small lake islands, Oikos 114: 338 - 348. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14773.x
• Ulrich W. & Zalewski M., 2007, Are ground beetles neutral?, Basic and Applied Ecology 9: in press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2006.08.002
• Williamson M. & Gaston K. J., 2005, The lognormal distribution is not an appropriate null hypothesis for the species - abundance distribution, Journal of Animal Ecology 74: 409 - 422. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00936.x
• White C. R. & Seymour R. S., 2003, Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass (2/3), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 4046 - 4049. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0436428100