Multivariate statistical analysis and environmental modeling of heavy metals pollution by industries

• Autorzy: Mustapha A. , Aris A. Z.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study presents the application of some selected multivariate statistical techniques, prediction method, and confirmatory analysis to identify spatial variation and pollution sources of the Jakara-Getsi river system in Kano, Nigeria. Two-hundred and forty water samples were collected from eight different sampling sites along the river system. Fifteen physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, hardness, total dissolved solids, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, iron, and nickel. Correlation analysis showed that the mean concentration of heavy metals in the river water samples were significantly positive correlated values. Principal component analysis and factor analysis (PCA/FA) investigated the origin of the water quality parameters as due to various anthropogenic activities: five principal components were obtained with 81.84% total variance. Standard, forward, and backward stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) effectively discriminate thirteen (92.5%), nine (90.1%), and six (88.5%) parameters, respectively. Multiple linear regression yielded multiple correlation coefficient R value of 0.98 and R-square value of 0.97 with significant value 0.0001 (p <0.05) showing that water qualities in Jakara-Getsi can be predicted due to high concentration of heavy metals. Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed the finding of multivariate and multiple linear regression analysis. This study provides a new technique of confirming exploratory data analysis using SEM in water resources management.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: 21
• Numer: 5
• Opis fizyczny: p.1359-1367,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Mustapha A.

• Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

autor

Aris A. Z.

Bibliografia

• 1. BICHI M. H. Environmental Pollution in Kano, Nigeria: The contribution of wastewater discharge from Bompai, Sharada and Challawa industrial estates. Sci. Assoc. Nigeria, 1,33,1993.
• 2. MILUKAITE A., SAKALYS J., KVIETKUS K., VOSYLIENE M.Z, KAZLAUSKIENE N., KARLAVICIENE N. Physico-chemical and ecotoxicological characterizations of urban storm water runoff. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 19, 1279, 2010.
• 3. REZA R., SINGH G. Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7, 785, 2010.
• 4. CACHADA A., PEREIRA M.E., FERREIRA S.E., DUARTE A.C. Sources of potentially toxic elements and organic pollutants in an urban area subjected to an industrial impact. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 15, 2011.
• 5. SINGH K.P., MALIK A., MOHAN D., SINHA S., SINGH V.K. Chemometric data analysis of pollutants in wastewater—a case study. Anal. Chimi. Acta. 532, 15, 2005.
• 6. SHRESTHA S., KAZAMA F. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environ. Modell. Sofiw. 22, 464, 2007.
• 7. SINGH K.P. MALIK A. MOHAN D., SINHA S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India) - a case study. Water. Res. 38, 3980, 2004.
• 8. QADIR A., MALIK R.N., HUSAIN S.Z. Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 140, 43, 2007.
• 9. SHARMA M., SINGAL S., PATRA S. Water Quality Profile of Yamuna River, India. J. Water. Energy. Environ. 3, 19, 2008.
• 10. DAN'AZUMI S., BICHI M. Industrial pollution and heavy metals profile of Challawa river in Kano, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Sanit. 5, 23, 2010.
• 11. MUSTAPHA A., ARIS A.Z. Spatial aspects of surface water quality in the Jakara Basin using chemometic analysis. J. Environ.Sci. Heal. A. 47, (10), 1455, 2012.
• 12. MUSTAPHA A. NABEGU A.B. Surface water pollution source identification using principal component and factor analysis in Getsi River, Kano, Nigeria. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5, 1512, 2011.
• 13. OLOFIN E.A, NABEGU A. B. DANBAZ AU A. M. (Ed), Wudil within Kano region: A geographical synthesis, Adamu Joji Publishers, Kano, Nigeria, pp. 5, 2008.
• 14. APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: Washington DC, pp. 135, 1998.
• 15. CLESCERI L S., GREENBERG A. E., EATON A. ANDREW D. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Washington, DC. pp. 115,1992.
• 16. ARIS, A.Z., PRAVEENA S.M., ABDULLAH M.H., RADOJEVIC M. Statistical approaches and hydrochemical modeling of ground water system in small tropical island. J. Hydroinf. 14, 206, 2011.
• 17. JUAHIR H., ZAIN S.M., ARIS A.Z., YUSOFF M.K., MOKHTAR M. Spatial assessment of Langat River water quality using chemometrics. J. Environ. Monit. 12, 287, 2009.
• 18. FIELD A.P. Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd ed.; Sage publications, London, pp. 197-263, 2009.
• 19. PALLANT J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows Version 15, Open University Press. Berkshire, UK. pp. 165, 2007.
• 20. BYRNE B.M. Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 252, 2006.
• 21. KENNY D A., MC-COACH D.B. Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling. Struct. Equa. Modeling. 10, 333, 2003.
• 22. PRAVEENA S.M., AHMED A., RADOJEVIC M., ABDULLAH M.H., ARIS A.Z. Heavy metals in mangrove surface seSiment of Mengkabong Lagoon, Sabah: multivariate and Geo-Accumulation index approaches. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2, 139, 2008.
• 23. ISHAQ M., JAN F.A., IHSANULLAH, I., ASIM S. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals pollution in industrial area and its comparison with relatively less area: A case study from the city of Peshawar and district Dir Lower. J. Hazard. Mater. 176, 609, 2010.
• 24. SEVCENKOS T. Pollution of Klaipe ports water. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 20, 445, 2011.
• 25. ARMAH F.A., OBIRI S., YAWSON D.O., ONUMAH E. E., YENGOH G. T., AFRIFA E. KA. ODOI J O. Anthropogenic sources and environmentally relevant concentrations of heavy metals in surface water of a mining district in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A. 45, 1804, 2010.
• 26. BICHI M.H., ANYATA B. Industrial waste pollution in the Kano river Basin. Environ. Manage. Heal. 10, 112, 1999.
• 27. MUSTAPHA A. Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of Jakara River, northwestern, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Sanit. 7, 11, 2012.
• 28. HUTCHESON G.D., SOFRONIOU N. The multivariate social scientist, Sage Publications London, pp. 126,1999.
• 29. PRAVEENA S.M., KWAN O.I., ARIS A.Z. Effects of data pre-treatment procedures on principal component analysis: a case study for mangrove surface sediment datasets. Environ. Monit. Assess., DOI 10.1007/s 10661-011 -2463-2, 2011.
• 30. HANI A., PAZIRA E. Heavy metals assessment and identification of their sources in agricultural soils of Southern Tehran, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess. 176, 677, 2011.
• 31. PHIRI O., MUMBA P., MOYO B., KADEWA W. Assessment of the impact of industrial effluents on water quality of receiving rivers in urban areas of Malawi. Inter. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2, 237, 2005.
• 32. NAUMCZYK J., RUSINIAK M. Physico-chemical and chemical purification of tannery wastewater. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 14, 789, 2005.
• 33. AKTAR M., PARAMASIVAM M., GANGULY M., PURKAIT S., SENGUPTA D. Assessment and occurrence of various heavy metals in surface water of Ganga River around Kolkata: a study for toxicity and ecological impact. Environ. Monit. Assess. 160, 207, 2010.
• 34. LOHANI M.B., SINGH A., RUPAINWAR D., DHAR D. Seasonal variations of heavy metal contamination in river Gomti of Lucknow city region. Environ .Monit. Assess. 147, 253, 2008.
• 35. SZYNKOWSKA M.J., PAWLACZYK A., LEŚNIEWSKA E., PARYJCZAK T. Toxic metal distribution in rural and urban soil samples affected by industry and traffic. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 18, 1141, 2009.
• 36. LYNCH K., BINNS T., OLOFIN E.A. Urban agriculture under threat: the land security question in Kano, Nigeria. The Land. 2, 22, 2000.
• 37. ZHOU F., LIU Y., GUO H. Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods to Water Quality Assessment of the Watercourses in Northwestern New Territories, Hong Kong. J. Environ. Monit. Assess. 132, 1, 2007.
• 38. MORENO C., MENDIGUCHIA C., GALINDO-RIANO M., GARCIA-VARGAS M. Using chemometric tools to assess anthropogenic effects in water A case study: Guadalquivir River (Spain). Anal. Chim. Acta. 515, 143,2004.
• 39. KLINE, R. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed.; Guilford, New York, pp. 209,1998.
• 40. SCHUMACKER R.E., LOMAX R.G. A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling, 3rd ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 79-93, 2004.
• 41. HUL, BENTLER P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Modell. 6, 1,1999.
• 42. FAN X., THOMPSON B., WANG L. Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Struct. Equa. Model Multi. J. 6, 56,1999.
• 43. ULLMAN J.B., BENTLER P. M. Structural equation modeling: Handbook of psychology. John Wiley and sons Inc. pp. 224,1996.
• 44. CARMINES E. G. MCIVER J. Analyzing models with unobsarved variables: Analysis of covariance structures in Social measurement: Current issues, Sage publication, London, pp. 65-115,1981.
• 45. RAYKOV T. Analysis of longitudinal studies with missing data using covariance structure modeling with full-information maximum likelihood. Struct. Equa. Modell. 12, 493, 2005.
• 46. BOLLEN K.A., CURRAN P.J. A structural equation approach: Hoboken, New Jersy, Wiley, pp. 185, 2006.
• 47. SCHMUKLE S.C., HARDT J. A cautionary note on incremental fit indices reported by LISREL Methodology. Euro. J. Res. Meth Behavi. Soc. Sci. 1, 81, 2005.