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Chronic rabbit liver cysticercosis resulting from the development of larval tapeworm Cysticercus pisiformis has been presented. Immature cysticerci that migrate in the rabbit liver induce local tracts of hepatocellular necrosis that are accompanied by inflammation. These tracts are replaced with connective tissue that produced fibrous scars, especially prominent on the capsule surface and liver parenchyma. The immature cysticerci were also detected in peritoneal liquid. The example of chronic hepatitis or hepatic scarring is a consequence of larvae migration. The mature cysticerci become located in the capsule surface and mesenterium. The following are visible microscopically: the central of larval tapeworm Cysticercus pisiformis, collateral necrosis, some free blood and ghost cells, degenerative granulocytes, histiocytes, including giant cells, mononuclear cells, and a fibroblastic contribution.
Fasciolosis, caused by the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is an important issue for both human and animal health. The disease evokes economic losses which are a consequence of impaired animal productivity leading to higher costs of meat and milk production, as well as liver condemnation. The goals of this thesis were to: (1) elaborate a molecular method - PCR for the detection of F. hepatica DNA in intermediate and definite hosts; (2) estimate the usefulness of a recombinated cysteine proteinase produced in E. coli in the form of inclusive bodies in serological diagnosis of F. hepatica infection in definite hosts, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); (3) conduct field research on the prevalence of infection among intermediate and definitive hosts (cattle) in chosen regions of Poland, utilizing the elaborated methods. Based on the results obtained in this study, it was established that it is possible to detect F. hepatica DNA in the feces of definite hosts with the elaborated PCR method. The amplification of a 124 base pair tandem repeat allows the detection of fluke larval stages in intermediate hosts within 12 hours of exposure and F. hepatica infection in definite hosts (by the 5th week in rats, 8th week in sheep and 10th week in cattle). Therefore, the PCR test is more sensitive than traditional microscopic methods. Furthermore, it was determined that, the recombinated cysteine proteinase in the form of inclusive bodies, after solubillization exhibits antigenic properties of the native protein and the ELISA method based on this antigen may be useful as a tool for diagnosing fasciolosis in sheep and cattle, in both serum and milk samples. The test achieves a greater sensitivity and specificity than an ELISA based on native excretory-secretory antigens. The results of field research indicate that Fasciola hepatica is a frequent parasite of cattle in central and eastern Poland. The mean prevalence was 34.86% (±16.95) in all studied areas. The prevalence among intermediate hosts varied greatly (0–100%). The elaborated tests were proved to be valuable, mutually complementing diagnostic tools, applicable to different epidemiological situations.
The research into the Oribatid mites was conducted in the Bielańsko-Tyniecki Landscape Park in Cracow in locations where horses and sheep periodically grazed. The research material comprised soil samples collected from three sites. Site I - a fenced area, which was exposed to the sun, overgrown with grass, and located on an elevation where sheep were pastured. Site 2 was located in the vicinity of a horse paddock. The soil in Site 2 was compacted and had sparse vegetation. Site 3, located in lower areas, was a meadow adjacent to the Vistula river bank, which was used as a horse pasture by a riding school. Soil samples of 10 × 10 cm in size and 5-10 cm in depth sometimes contained the remains of animal feces and a mite microenvironment (grass tussocks). The mites were obtained from the soil in Tullgren funnels; subsequently they were sorted out and the content of their bodies marked and analysed in preparations made by using Grandjean’s method (14). In the collected research material species participating in the life cycle of tapeworms constituted 85% in Site 1, 82% in Site 2 and 92% in Site 3. There were the following species: Scheloribates laevigatus (C. L. Koch, 1836), Liebstadia similis (Michael, 1886), Galumna elimata (C. L. Koch, 1841), Galumna obvia (Berlese, 1914), Ceratozetes gracilis (Michael, 1884), Ceratozetes peritus (Grandjean, 1951), Achipteria coleoptrata (Linne, 1758) as well as Trichoribates novus (Sellenick, 1928). In 2 out of 880 examined specimens the presence of tapeworms at two developmental stages was confirmed. They were: an egg in the species Liebstadia similis and a cysticercoid in Achipteria coleoptrata. The results show that it is useful to study Oribatida on small pastures because in such places there are favorable conditions for the mite and animal feces to meet in a confined area.
During the years 1992-1993 terrestrial snails were examined to the infection with larvae of Protostrongylidae family in the South and North of Poland. Using compressor method 2267 terrestrial snails from two areas (Pszczyna and Iława) were examined. Collected gastropods belonged to the following species: Arion subfuscus (45 specimens), Bradybaena fruticum (9), Cepaea nemoralis (29), Succinea putris (2147), Zonitoides nitidus (37). Larvae of three species of Protostrongylidae family were found: Elaphostrongylus cervi, Varestrongylus sagittatus and V. capreoli. The highest extensiveness of invasion of Protostrongylidae was noticed in Succinea putris and reached 23,5% in one of plots in the Iława Forest District. The highest intensity of infection was found in S. putris and was as follows: E. cervi up to 150 larvae, V. sagittatus up to 41, and V. capreoli up to 132 larvae. Besides Z. nitidus (1 specimen) there were not noticed any larvae of Protostrongylidae in other species of terrestrial snails. Average extensiveness of invasion of Protostrongylidae in 1992 and 1993 amounted to 7,2 and 9,5% in Iława, and 13,9 and 9,4% in Pszczyna, respectively. The highest percentage of infested gastropods was noticed in June and July. Similar results were obtained in both biotopes examined.
In 1995 on the area of deer farm in Kosewo 1302 specimens of terrestrial snails of the following species were collected: Succinea putris (1220), Zonitoides nitidus (58), Zenobiella rubiginosa (20), Arion circumscriptus (4). These snails were examinated by compressor method. Only S. putris were infected by larvae of two species of Protostrongylidae. Larvae were found only in snails collected from red deer stockyards, however, none snail collected in fallow deer stockyards was infected. The highest extensiveness of invasion of snails by Elaphostrongylus cervi larvae was 5%, and the maximal intensity reached 105 larvae. Larvae of Varestrongylus sagittatus occurred occasionaly in 0,4% of snails, with the mean intensity of 3 larvae.
The purpose of this article was to present current data on cases of cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals in Poland. Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses occurring globally. In many regions of the world, the disease is an important epidemiological problem. The life cycle of Echinococcus involves hoofed farm animals and dogs. Among its species and genotypes ascertained in the world, two (G1 and G7) have been confirmed in sheep and pigs as intermediate hosts in Poland. Molecular examinations of postoperative parasitic material from patients established that the porcine strain G7 is the cause of human cystic echinococcosis in Poland. Data on post-slaughter examinations of pigs identified as intermediate hosts of E. granulosus suggest that the number of cases reported in humans (approx. 40 annually) is probably underestimated. In the last two years, the prevalence of hydatid cysts in pigs in Poland has been estimated at 0.3%, with the highest number of infected animals in central Poland (0.4%-1.2%). This indicates the presence of infection in dogs and the risk of echinococcosis for humans.
Three species of oribatid mites: Scheloribates latipes, Pergalumna nervosa and Ceratozetes sp. were experimentally infected with Moniezia expansa eggs or oncospheres. The intermediate hosts were kept under constant laboratory conditions at 27°C and 80% relative humidity. Three species of oribatid mites became infected and completely developed cestode cysticercoids were found. The early part of life cycle of M. expansa was studied in S. latipes. The mites were examined on 20th, 24th and 29th day after cestode oncosphera invasion. A fully fonned cysticercoid of M. expansa was observed on 29th day after infection. The mean of intensity of infection was 1-5 cysticercoides per mite. The infected and living oribatid mites could be kept under laboratory conditions for 7 months. The cysticercoides which had been recovered from S. latipes after this time were able to infect sheep.
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