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Evolutionary biology presumes that organ capacities match their natural loads. Therefore, organ systems are expected to show a reversible, repeatable and rapid phenotypic response to fluctuating conditions that is directional and scaled. In this study, phenotypic responses of the gizzard of adult Japanese quails Coturnix japonica to experimental mismatches of load and capacity were tested by a series of diet-switching experiments (involving an increased content of non-digestable fibre, NDF, in the diet). The results of all experiments were in accordance with the predictions made from the hypothesis that there is matching between loads and capacities: (1) the observed phenotypic responses are directional and scaled to the demands, i.e. increasing NDF elicits an increase in gizzard size. When the proportion of NDF in the diet was raised from 1 % to 45%, the gizzard was more than twice as large as in the control group; (2) size responses were reversible, and reduced NDF was followed by a decrease of gizzard size; (3) phenotypic responses could be elicited repeatedly in three successive trials; (4) excess capacities were down-regulated and insufficient capacities were up-regulated; (5) the responses followed changes of loads with almost no time lag, with size changes measurable within 24 hours.
Badano jakościowe i ilościowe zmiany w populacjach roślin kostrzewy łąkowej, otrzymanych z nasion przechowywanych przez 54 miesiące w warunkach korzystnych i niekorzystnych. Oceniano 22 cechy fenotypowe oraz występowanie roślin z aberracjami chlorofilowymi. Przechowywanie prób ziarniaków kostrzewy łąkowej w niekorzystnych warunkach spowodowało znaczne obniżenie zdolności kiełkowania. Obniżenie kiełkowania o około 85% w stosunku do wartości wyjściowej spowodowało u niektórych z badanych prób wystąpienie aberracji chlorofilowych typu albina i striata, przyspieszenie faz fenologicznych, skrócenie liści i kwiatostanów, słabsze wypełnienie ziaren pyłku. Stwierdzone zmiany, będące efektem przechowywnia nasion w niekorzystnych warunkach są wypadkową selekcji poszczególnych genotypów oraz mutacji, zachodzących w przeżywających nasionach.
Shorebirds show large interspecific variation in the relative size of the stomach, and especially of the muscular part, the gizzard. Much of this variation can be explained by their diet. Species feeding mainly on hard-shelled prey such as bivalves and gastropods have large stomachs; those feeding on soft-bodied prey such as worms have small stomachs. Within a species, diet- and migration-induced changes in stomach size can occur. Our studies on this intraspecific variation have focused on two mollusc-specialists, the Red Knot Calidris canutus and the Great Knot C. tenuirostris. Both are renowned for long-range flights between their arctic or sub-arctic alpine breeding grounds and a variety of coastal wetlands. Feeding mainly on shellfish ingested whole, both knot species have large stomachs, but changing diets easily lead to apparently adaptive modifications. In addition, the demands imposed by flights of many thousand kilometres may induce reductions in stomach size. Using ultrasonography we have begun to experimentally disentangle the causal relationships between diet, season and stomach size in Red Knots. A soft diet can induce stomach reductions of 50% within a week, and such changes are reversible. Studies on radiomarked birds in the Wadden Sea emphasize that variations in stomach size are correlated with prey and patch choice in the field.
The formation of phenotypic structure of P. infestans population in Poland was determined by analyzing 1603 isolates collected from 1987 to 2001. The race complexity, low at the beginning of experiment, has been increasing from year to year and reached in 2001 a high level 7.2 virulence factors per isolate. The single and less composed races dominating first1y in the population were replaced gradually by more composed races. The virulence factors 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 11 occurred most frequent1y, but factors 5 and 8 were noted sporadically. The A2 mating type was detected in 1988 at first and since that time its occurrence has been noted in Polish population each year. The oospores were formed in potato tissues. Race diversity, low at the beginning of the investigation, reached a peak in 1996-2001. During 1987-1990 weakly and middly aggressive phenotypes dominated in Polish population. In the later period very aggressive isolates were more frequent. Phenotypic race similarity of P. infestans populations in 1987 and 2001 was very low. The race structure of 1987 population was totally different from the race structure of populations of the next years. it was probably due to migration of new pathotypes. On the other hand the variation in complexity, diversity and similarity of races, as well as in aggressiveness observed in later years of investigation can be caused by the presence of both mating types and sexual recombination.
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