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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stanu zasobów wodnych i tendencji zmian w zużyciu wody na świecie i w Polsce oraz analiza sposobów i skutków oszczędzania wody w wybranych krajach. Polska coraz bardziej odczuwa niedobór wody i dlatego niezbędna jest nowa polityka w gospodarce wodnej, aby zapobiegać narastaniu suszy, a także stymulować dostosowanie się przedsiębiorstw do skutków zmian klimatycznych.
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are briefly presented, stressing that bacteria from clinical and non-clinical sources are becoming increasingly resistant during the 2 last decades to available antibiotics. Earlier this was the case in Gram-positive bacteria and during the last decade it is occuring faster in relation to Gram-negative bacteria. This is mainly due to mobile genes located on plasmids. The increasing international movement of humans, animals and animal products plays an important role in this global spread. Moreover, information on the emergence of a new antimicrobial antibiotic resistance in India and Pakistan is presented, on the basis of observations regarding Enterobacteriaceae, transferred by humans to the United Kingdom. It is encoded by the recently identified NDM-1 gene. This gene is responsible for the currently intensively spreading multiple drug resistance, posing a great risk to public health. In this situation the role of bacteria occurring in food and companion animals is evaluated as an additional risk to public health, although until now the mentioned gene has not been detected in strains from these sources. However other antibiotic resistance genes from this source can be transferred to bacteria occurring in humans. In connection with this the present European Union’s conclusions and recommendations on antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in animal reservoirs addressed to the Veterinary Services of the Member Countries with the intension of minimizing this hazard for human health are discussed.
The major route of human exposure to dioxins is food: over 90% of these compounds come within food. On 24 October 2001 the Commission of the European Communities (since 2009 the European Commission), as the first organization in the world, has undertaken a comprehensive solution to the dioxin problem, adopting the Community Strategy to reduce the presence and the harmful effects of dioxins (PCDD, PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the environment and on human health (COM [2001] 593). The strategy taken by all Community countries allowed the integration and harmonization of laws relating to environmental pollution and the food chain. Monitoring and analysis of the implemented regulations which limit emissions of these contaminants - the monitoring of dioxin levels in food, scientific analysis of the problem - made it possible to apply more severe regulatory requirements, leading to a planned reduction of dioxins in food and feed. The paper discusses the conditions which guided announcing the EU strategy, whose primary purpose was to reduce exposure of the European population to dioxins, as well as strategy implementation and achieved results. Also presented are the legislation in force since 2012 for the maximum permissible concentrations of dioxins and PCBs in food and the test methods used in the official control of undesirable contaminants.
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