In the broad research project on the chemism of the meadow soil environment of the Lublin region a preliminary estimate of the current state of acidification of the meadow soils has been made. pH determination has been done in soil samples collected from 63 meadow locations of the region. The content of Ca, Fe and Mn in soil samples and vegetation of the meadows examined have also undergone determination. The results of pH determination showed that about 20 % of the examined soil samples are very acid, 40 % - acid or slightly acid, 30 % - neutral, and 10 % - alkaline. Very acid reaction concerned mainly light textured podzolic soils of the Podlasie region and the Lowland of Sandomierz as well as the majority of the post-bog soils and black earths. Slightly acid and neutral soils are those alluvial and soils developed on loess of the Lublin Upland. Generally, we can draw the conclusion that the soil reaction of meadow soils of the Lublin region is more dependent on the geographic location of the site rather than the local ecological conditions.
The changes in soil acidity of ten lake basins in the Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lakeland in the period of thirty years has been evaluated. It has been found that the studied soils are naturally acid due to parent rock properties. The data analysis showed increasing in the area of acid soils in the studied period. In some basins such soils occupy already 100 % of the area. The low level of agriculture, especially improper mineral fertilization as well as decreasing in the area of limed soils, has been considered as the main cause of soil acidification. The influence of acid rain as a result of the atmosphere pollution in the neighboring industrial areas should be taken into account also.
The research pertaining to the acidification of brown soil formed from loess, with the grain-size distribution of clayey silt, was carried out in the years 1982-85 and 1986-89 on a permanent fertilization field in the area of Rzeszów Submountaine Region. In the experiment carried out in the years 1982-85 a differentiated mineral NPK fertilization was applied on the background of constant fertilization with farmyard manure in the dose of 25 t/ha. In the years 1986-89 two experiments were carried out, in which also differentiated mineral fertilization against the background of constant fertilizing with magnesium and liming was applied. The experiment was carried out on an acid soil (1982-85) and very acid one (1986-89). The crop rotation in both the experiments was similar, the differences pertained only to the variety of fodder plant. In the result of a 4-year long intensive cultivation of plants in the crop rotation and differentiated mineral fertilization on the background of applying the remaining fertilizers, the soil reaction of very acid soil changed for acid while that of acid soil changed for worse. The increase of the pH value was accompanied by the drop of hydrolytic acidity and inversely.
The effect of acidification by adding 0-320 mmol HCl/kg soil on base cation exchange capacity of two grey-brown podzolic soils with three different manner of fertilization for 36 years was studied. Without acid the BCEC ranged from 5.17 to 7.96 cmol(+)/kg soil, pH from 6.60 to 7.20. Adding of 0-320 mmol HCl/kg soil reduced the BCEC to 1.03-3.32 cmol(+)/kg soil and lowered the pH to 2.50-2.77. The acid-neutralizing capacity of both soils was changeable according to fertilization. Response of soils to low doses of added HCl was in the following order control>NPK+lime (or FYM+lime+clay)>NPK. At higher doses of acid the reverse order of treatments was found. The decrease of BCEC was by 3.09-6.28 cmol(+)/kg soil, corresponding to 47-79 % of the initial value. The quantity of acid needed to reduce the soil pH to 5.0 (ANC 5.0) ranged from 55.4 to 137.1 mmol HCl/kg soil. The acid neutralizing capacity of both soils for almost all treatments had a maximum between 1-10 mmol HCl/kg soil and was broken up by adding 80 mmol HCl/kg soil.
Soil acidification leads to significant increase of concentration of Al³⁺ and other Al species in soil water. Unfavourable influence of water soluble and exchangeable aluminium on plants is evidenced, above with changes in size and morfology of the root system. Visible symptoms of the toxic effect of aluminium ions observed on plants are not specific. Aluminium induces the deficiency of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium for plants. There is not observed growth of any plants in soils which contain more than 140 mg of exchangeable aluminium per kg of soil.
The samples have been taken from 8 500 ha of the soils located arround the Lime and Cement Plant ‘KUJAWY’ at Bielawy. The surface and profile test points were located at the square grid intersections with a 500 m module. An environmental variation range in the soil has been determined with regard of forms of a soil acidity, secondary calcium carbonate content and exchangeable cations and soil solution composition. A chemical analysis of the cement dusts emitted by Cement Plant demonstrates high level of calcium content (42-49 %), potassium (6 %) as well as the series of macro- and microelements that can influence on composition and properties of the soils and nutrition status of the plants. The area surrounded of ‘KCW-KUJAWY’ has been divided between three zones of different pH-reactions and the other soil properties. The highest alkalinity was observed in the first zone, located close to the Cement Plant where reaction pH(KCl)~ 8 is registered and a soil solution with sorptive complex are dominated by Ca²⁺ up to 95 % of saturation. The lower alkalinity and Ca²⁺ concentration in a sorptive complex and a soil solution are registered in the second zone, located at a significant distance from the Cement Plant. In the third zone, the KCW has a little influence on the soils in consideration of pH-reaction and other properties. However, the relatively high amount of exchageable K⁺ and in soil solution had been noted, also at the significant distance from KCW. The classification ‘by types’ with regard of secondary accumulation of CaCO₃, pH-reaction and degree of the sorptive complex saturation with Ca²⁺ in a near top surface horizons indicates that it is neccessary to renew the valuation of the gray-brown podzolic soils and the brown soils located close to KCW towards the calcisols soil type (distinguished in the same classifications).
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