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The research was conducted on clinically healthy mares (n=40) and foals (n=78) duringY. pseudotuberculosis associated enzootics. The animals were divided into groups: I to IV – mares, IA to IVA – their offsprings, IB to IVB – foals which mothers were not treated with any medicaments. The animals in group I, IA and IB were injected with PBS; in group II, IIA and IIB – with Y. pseudotuberculosis strain-based vaccine, in group III, IIIA and IIIB – with P. acnes strain-based immunostimulator; in group IV, IVA and IVB – with P. acnes strain-based immunostimulator and (5 days after the immunostimulator injection)Y. pseudotuberculosis strain-based vaccine. The presence of antibodies was determined by means of ELISA. The study revealed anti-Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IgG only in 19 mares before, and in 25 mares and 26 foals 3 weeks after vaccination. The mean extinction 3 weeks after vaccination amounted to: II-0.489, IV-2.578, IIA-0.572, IVA-0.974, IIB-0.312, IVB-0.418. The cut-off extinction value was 0.154. The presence of anti-Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IgG before vaccination in the sera of clinically healthy mares may suggest that Y. pseudotuberculosis infection occurs definitely more often than is expected. Vaccination preceded by immunostimulation appeared to be the most efficient method of treatment against yersiniosis.
To assess the humoral immunological responses at the IgG subclass level in yersiniosis specific antibody responses against lipopolysac-charide of Yersinia enterocolitica O3 (LPS) and Yersinia Yop proteins were analyzed by ELISA. Thirty five patients with arthritis and forty nine patients with uncomplicated yersiniosis were included in the study. Analysis of the IgG subclass responses to the LPS revealed that the subclass distribution for both groups of patients was IgG2>IgG1>IgG3. The concentration of IgG4 was below detection level. The predominant antibody responses to Yop proteins were IgG1 >IgG3>IgG2>IgG4 but the frequency of detection of particular IgG subclass antibodies were dependent on the age of patients. Generally, the frequency of occurrence of IgG2 antibodies for Yop proteins of Yersinia together increased with age reaching its peak among individuals aged above 40 years. On the other hand, IgG1 for Yop proteins and IgG3 for Y. enterocolitica LPS were diagnosed more often in serum samples obtained from children than from adults. We also found significantly higher frequency of IgG4 to Yop proteins of Y. enterocolitica in men than in women.
One hundred and twenty-six isolates of Yersinia ruckeri originating from different species of fish were collected: 122 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum), three from pike (Esox lucius L.), and one from carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The O- serotyping of the isolates were carried out for the first time in Poland by microplate agglutination assays according to the Davies procedure. Three O-serotypes were determined: O1, O5, and O7. Serotypes O2 and O6 have not been recognised. Almost all isolates were represented by serotype O1, which originated only from rainbow trout showing classical clinical signs of enteric redmouth disease. The strains representing serotype O5 were only collected from pike and serotype O7 from carp and rainbow trout showing no clinical signs of the diseases.
Serum samples collected from 220 cows, 226 pigs, 10 sheep, 8 cats, 62 turkeys, 54 geese, 22 hens, and 7 ducks in Lublin region were tested by passive haemagglutination test with Yersinia enterocolitica (five serotypes) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (two serotypes) antigens. Y. enterocolitica antibodies were found in 23.2%, 17.2%, 11.3%, and 31.8% of cows, pigs, turkeys, and hens, respectively, while Y. pseudotuberculosis antibodies in 18.2%, 3.6%, 32.2%, and 13.6%, respectively. No positive response occurred in sheep, cats, geese, and ducks. The antibody response of cows to Y. enterocolitica characterised itself by high frequency of reactions to virulent serotype O:8 (17.3%), which was greater in comparison to that with the remaining four serotypes (5.9%). The results suggest the importance of the consumption of undercooked beef and contaminated milk in epidemiology of yersiniosis.
Vaccination of rainbow trout against Yersiniosis confers a high degree of protection to the fish (Raida et al. 2011). On the other hand, vaccination could alter metabolitic reactions in organisms. Therefore, exploring the effects of vaccination against Y. ruckeri on health condition of trout in general, and oxidative stress biomarkers and biochemical alterations in different tissues specifically, would be valuable. This prompted us to investigate theeffects of vaccination against Y. ruckeri on muscle function, and the oxidative mechanism underlying those effects, by detecting relevant lipid peroxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and protein oxidation biomarkers (aldehydic derivatives and ketonic derivatives) as well as biochemical alterations (aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase activity, lactate and pyruvate levels) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss following Y. ruckeri vaccination at first month after oral immunization. Concentrated vaccine with inactivated by formalin Y. ruckeri strains was enclosed by fish feed, and was administered three times every other day. Rainbow trout from each group were euthanized 30 days after the immunization, and then muscle tissue were sampled for analysis. The TBARS level in the muscle tissue of vaccinated group was at same level compared to unhandled group. The ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins in the trout following Y. ruckeri vaccination at first month after immunization were significantly increased compared to the level in the controls, while the aldehydic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins were non-significantly increased. Pyruvate level was increased by 47% (p = 0.013) in vaccinated trout compared to values of untreated fish. Lactate level, aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase activities were nonsignificantly altered in vaccinated trout. Our results suggest that vaccination could promote the activation of the gluconeogenic substrate-providing enzymes, as well as substrates for aerobic metabolism that might in turn contribute to increase of oxidatively modified proteins. The oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e. content of oxidative protein damage, as well as biochemical enzymes and substrates were sensitive to vaccination of trout against Y. ruckeri and may potentially be used as biomarkers in evaluating vaccine toxicity in rainbow trout. From a practical point of view, the results may be useful in relation to studies of infections and the development, administration and uptake of new vaccines applicable for large amounts of fish.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomo- and histopathological lesions in internal organs of sows and their stillborn piglets after experimental Y. enterocolitica infection in different phases of pregnancy. Twelve pregnant sows were divided into 4 groups, infected per os on 33 (n=3), 54 (n=3) and 89 (n=3) day of pregnancy with the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strain isolated from the aborted swine fetus, and uninfected control group. Histopathological examinations of internal organs and intestine samples of stillborn piglets, slaughtered sows and samples of placentas were performed. Anatomo- and histopathological lesions were the most intense in the group of sows infected in the final phase of pregnancy, where the highest number of stillborn piglets was also found. Lesions of internal organs in stillborn piglets suggested a severe generalized bacterial infection. Although the analysis of experimental Y. enterocolitica infection of pregnant sows revealed that the most intense clinical, anatomopathological and histopathological abnormalities were recorded in the group of animals infected in the final phase of pregnancy. Infection in the first phase of pregnancy could have had an influence on the formation of the granulomatous inflammation. Differences in anatomopathological lesions between infected and control animals suggest that the period of pregnancy in which the infection appears could have had an influence on the course of yersiniosis in pigs.
Celem badań była próba prześledzenia przebiegu yersiniozy u świń od momentu zakażenia do zakończenia siewstwa. Badania przeprowadzono na 15 ośmiotygodniowych prosiętach. Zwierzęta podzielono na trzy równe grupy i zakażono: grupę A - dożylnie, grupę В - dożołądkowo, a grupa С stanowiła grupę kontrolną - niezakażoną. Do zakażenia użyto chorobotwórczego szczepu Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 biotyp 4. W ciągu 14 tygodni trwania doświadczenia zwierzę­ta poddawane były obserwacji klinicznej i badaniom laboratoryjnym. Przeprowadzono m.in. badania bakteriologiczne kału, immunologiczne a po dokonaniu uboju diagnostycznego - badania bakteriologiczne wycinków narządów wewnętrznych oraz histopatologiczne i ultrastrukturalne. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wykazano, że doświadczalne zakażenie świń drogą pokarmową wywołuje silniejszą reakcję kliniczną i odpowiedź immunologiczną niż zakażenie drogą dożylną. Pałeczka Yersinia enterocolitica jest silnym antygenem pobudzającym zarówno odporność komórkową, jak i humoralną, a także nieswoiste mechanizmy komórkowe. Nie stwierdzono zależności między poziomem przeciwciał a izolowaniem drobnoustrojów z kału.
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