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The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of pyrethroids, such as deltamethrin, cypermethrin and bifenthrin on the growth and the number of ρ-mutants in the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. SP-4 Mat alpha leu1 arg4 yeast strain was used as a standard strain for experiments. The cells were grown on a standard YPG liquid medium, under aerobic conditions until they reached the logarithmic or stationary phase of growth. Different concentrations of pyrethroid were added to the medium and the cells were incubated for 2 h. The survival rate of the cells was determined by diluting the cells and plating them on YPG Agar plates. The number of ρ-mutants was determined by examining the number of cells that hadn’t grown on YPG medium from among all surviving cells. As far as the investigated forms of pyrethroids are concerned, deltamethrin was the most toxic to yeast cells. It was also observed that low amounts of pyrethroid caused a greater destruction of cells at the logarithmic than at the stationary stage of growth. The influence of pyrethroid on the frequency of mutation of mitochondrial DNA of yeast cells was also studied. It was observed that after incubation with pyrethroid addition the frequency of ρ-mutation increased, especially at the logarithmic stage of growth.
The native 80S ribosomes isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain W303) cells was phosphorylated by two endogenous protein kinases: multifunctional casein kinase-2 (CK-2) and specific 60S kinase. Three acidic proteins within the 60S ribosomal subunit: YP1(3, YPlp' and YP2a are phosphorylated by both kinases. The other two proteins: YPla and YP2(3 are predominantly phosphorylated by CK-2 but not by 60S kinase. This was confirmed in the experiment with the recombinant protein, YP2P, as a substrate, which is practically not phosphorylated by specific 60S kinase. These results together with the previous data based on the target amino-acid se­quences suggest that, in addition to the multifunctional casein kinase-2 and specific 60S kinase, there exist probably other protein kinase(s) which phosphorylate the ribosomal acidic proteins in the cell.
This paper presents the results of an experiment on the use of diatomite from beer breaking, as a filtration agent in wastewater sludge dewatering. Results of the study have allowed us to conclude that it may be one of the practical ways to dispose of this troublesome waste product.
Brefeldin A is a commonly used antifungal agent that reversibly blocks protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. In this study, we aimed to characterize L-leucine uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of brefeldin A. For this purpose, we used a synthetic medium, containing L-proline and the detergent SDS, which allows the agent to permeate into the yeast cell. The results obtained with a wild type strain and a gap1 mutant indicate that BFA causes either direct or indirect modification of the transport and/or processing of L-leucine permeases. The presence of BFA affects the kinetic parameter values for L-leucine uptake and decreases not only the uptake mediated by the general system (GAP1), but also that through the specific BAP2 (S1) and/or S2 systems.
The aim of this research was to develop a suitable method of succinate dehydrogenase activity assay in situ for different industrial yeast strains. For this purpose different compounds: EDTA, Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, digitonin, nystatin and β-mercaptoethanol were used. The permeabilization process was controlled microscopically by primuline staining. Enzyme assay was conducted in whole yeast cells with Na-succinate as substrate, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) as electron carrier and in the presence one of two different tetrazolium salts: tetrazolium blue chloride (BT) or cyanoditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) reduced during the assay. In comparabile studies of yeast vitality the amount of intracellular ATP was determined according to luciferin/luciferase method. During the succinate dehydrogenase assay in intact yeast cells without permeabilization, BT formazans were partially visualized in the cells, but CTC formazans appeared to be totally extracellular or associated with the plasma membrane. Under these conditions there was no linear relationship between formazan color intensity signal and yeast cell density. From all chemical compounds tested, only digitonin was effective in membrane permeabilization without negative influence on cell morphology. Furthermore, with digitonin-treated cells a linear relationship between formazan color intensity signal and yeast cell number was noticed. Significant decreasing of succinate dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were observed during aging of the tested yeast strains.
Different microscopy techniques were used to assess the aging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells in stationary culture. Live/Dead staining was found to be as effective as viability tests at determining viability of yeast cells. Cells of dismutase-deficient sod1 and sod2 yeast mutants age faster than wild-type strains. Changes in appearance and decreasing in diameter size of the aging cells was observed using the Nomarski technique. The results of the fluorescent staining with Redox Sensor Red and mBCl suggest a disturbance of redox homeostasis in the cells, while vacuole staining with CellTracker Blue CMAC indicates cytoplasmic vacuolization. Yeast cell staining as carried out in this study can be used as a fast preliminary test, making it possible to determine changes taking place in the cell during aging.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, differing with respect to the efficiency of antioxidating system and activity of mitochondrial processes, was used in the experiment. Sensitivity of these cells to 40-min incubation with sodium nitrate (V) was determined. Respiratory-competent cells deprived of the main antioxidating enzymes and the cells subjected to oxidative stress generated by antimycin A showed a greater sensitivity to sodium nitrate (V) than the cells deprived of functional mitochondria or the cells taken during the stationary phase of growth. The obtained results show that reactive oxygen species do not play an important part in the mechanisms of toxicity induced by the presence of sodium nitrates (V) in the case of cells with oxygen metabolism.
Quaternary ammonium salts inhibited the growth of yeast especially at pH higher (pH 8) than optimal. It was postulated that compounds integrate with the cell membrane and interfere with its functions. The yeast cell ultrastructure investigated under an electron microscope confirms this hypothesis. A relatively high percentage of cells treated at pH 6 with the quaternary ammonium salt of alanine derivative (DMALM-12) at the minimal inhibitory concentration showed an irregularity in the cell shape. No such irregularity was observed in the control. Besides, in the cells treated with the drug, practically no lipid droplets were seen at all. Inside the control cells, electron-dense round bodies were clearly seen and interpreted as vacuoles. These bodies were absent in the cells treated with DMALM-12. Although the yeast cells growing at pH 8 showed a more or less normal shape, they seemed to have difficulty in budding - no fully developed buds were found in the preparations. Only some convexities of the cell wall were seen that could be the beginning of budding which stopped early after the start. Some changes in the round bodies interpreted as vacuoles were visible: they were less dense and full of granules.
Expression of the gene coding for the recombinant trypsin inhibitor, CPTI II, was enhanced tenfold when yeast transcription terminating sequences were added to the expression cassette of the pJK6 yeast vector. The yield was further increased about 20% in the BJ5464 yeast strain, defective in vacuolar proteases.
Fluorescein efflux from S. Cerevisiae cells was measured to study the peculiarities of fluorescein transport system, which is important for yeast resistance to certain drugs and weak organic acid preservatives. Glucose-independent and glucose-stimulated fluorescein effluxes were characterized using iodoacetate, cyanide and orthovanadate, inhibitors of glycolysis, electron transport chain, and ATPases, respectively. It is supposed that in glucose-free medium fluorescein extrusion is ATP-dependent and the energy for this efflux is mainly provided by respiration. In glucose-containing medium, glycolysis plays a critical role for extrusion of fluorescein. The results indicate that acetic acid inhibits the fluorescein efflux from yeast cells. The inhibition constant of glucose-stimulated fluorescein efflux is significantly lower in parental strain than in two mutants defective in PDR12 (ABC-transporter Pdr12p) or WAR1 (transcription factor of Pdr12p). It can be suggested that the membrane protein Pdr12 is involved in fluorescein extrusion from the yeast cells, but component(s) other than Pdr12p is (are) also important.
Rsp5 is a conserved ubiquitin ligase involved in regulation of numerous cellular processes. A growing number of publications describing new functions of the ligase have appeared in recent years. Rsp5 was shown to be involved in the control of intracellular trafficking of proteins via endocytosis and multivesicular body sorting. Moreover, nuclear functions of Rsp5 in response to various stresses have been discovered. Rsp5 is also involved in the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid and sterol synthesis and phospholipid composition. Here, an overview of Rsp5 functions with emphasis on its involvement in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis will be presented.
Badano możliwości wykorzystania laserowego analizatora wielkości cząstek Mastersizer 2000 do monitorowania kondycji drożdży piwowarskich poprzez pomiar średnicy komórek. Stwierdzono, że średnicę komórek drożdży należy wyznaczać bezpośrednio po pobraniu biomasy ze środowiska hodowlanego lub fermentacyjnego, stosując wodę destylowaną jako ciecz dyspersyjną. Wykazano przydatność urządzenia do obserwacji zmian wielkości komórek drożdży w warunkach stresu osmotycznego i etanolowego.
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